tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12140062110074679692024-02-20T03:24:52.134-08:00How to write apa research paperUhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17434182056665503402noreply@blogger.comBlogger185125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1214006211007467969.post-90138565820186169372020-08-26T20:48:00.001-07:002020-08-26T20:48:07.998-07:00Charlie Chaplin Essays -- Charlie Chaplin EssaySir Charles Chaplinââ¬â¢s discourse from the 1940 movie called The Great Dictator was very hard-hitting and helpful. It did very well to get the message over. His discourse was a weep for help for the benefit of numerous regular folks, requesting a truly necessary change on the planet, thinking back to the 1940s. He quickly addressed the power of the issue and what it could become later on if no move would be made. In doing as such, he kept up regard with the crowd; instead of patronizing them, he put himself onto their level without being excessively recognizable. Boldly, Chaplin viably communicated to the individuals that it is our obligation as people to improve the world a spot since its destiny is controlled by our impact. Directly off the bat, Chaplin passes on his quietude. In his discourse, he clarifies that he was doing whatever it takes not to be a tyrant, for example, Hitler. Or maybe, he needed to show that he was much the same as them, a plain man who wanted change on the planet. Through his discourse, it is obvious that Chaplin is the middle person, however not in a high spot. His initial two words, discreetly expressed, are, ââ¬Å"Iââ¬â¢m sorry,â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ (The Great Dictator 1940). Rather than a president attempting to win a political decision, saying these two words at the earliest reference point of a discourse quickly carry Chaplin to the peopleââ¬â¢s level, despite the fact that he is the speaker and the demander of harmony. I discovered this successful in light of the fact that it is reviving for me to see quietude in such an amazing discourse. It doesn't demonstrate that he needs to be adored. These two words promptly give him regard since it shows regret, and thus, the indivi duals will be progressively open to his words. It support me to see that he was not haughty. He later proceeds to state, ââ¬Å"I s... ...is incredible on the grounds that it urges the crowd to truly observe the issue, and without activity taken by every person, the difficult will remain. Chaplinââ¬â¢s methodologies combined with his ground-breaking energetic voice helped him to effectively win the hearts of numerous and break through to his focused on crowd. Works Cited http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/top25-quotes.htm>. http://www.culturaldiversity.com.au/practice-guides/social mindfulness http://www.forbes.com/destinations/kevinkruse/2013/05/28/moving statements http://wallstcheatsheet.com/stocks/20-most-critical statements from-steve-jobs.html http://www.goodreads.com/cites/tag/social contrasts http://www.goodreads.com/writer/cites/12080.Ralph_Waldo_Emerson http://moonlightenedshelves.wordpress.com/2012/03/23/charlie-chaplin-and-the-incredible despot the-discourse that-resonates over time/ Uhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17434182056665503402noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1214006211007467969.post-88134919615577195472020-08-22T09:28:00.001-07:002020-08-22T09:28:20.696-07:00Ability Tracking Essay -- Teaching EducationCapacity Tracking Presentation On the off chance that there is one general accord among the individuals who examine Americaââ¬â¢s arrangement of instruction, it is that we are inadequate with regards to some place. Regardless of whether itââ¬â¢s in our downtown schools, or rustic locale, there is a particular proficiency difficulty that still can't seem to be settled in our schools. Not exclusively are we gravely behind different countries in our proficiency rate and arithmetic capacities, however there is likewise an expanding void inside our schools. A strategy for isolation known as ââ¬Å"ability groupingâ⬠has been a regularly utilized practice all through the 90ââ¬â¢s, and has changed the manner by which essential and optional school understudies are instructed. The thought behind capacity gathering, or following, is that ââ¬Å"many school experts expect that gathering by capacity advances studentââ¬â¢s accomplishment since, it is contended, all understudies learn best when assembled with understudies of comparable abilities or levels of achievement.â⬠(Perceptions) There are numerous contentions for either side, hence making one wonder ââ¬Å"is capacity gathering a proficient method to deal with contrasts in understudy abilities?â⬠(Education World) Contrary to todayââ¬â¢s prominent sentiment, which normally runs against the current instructive structure of our schools, I accept capacity following is a successful and beneficial methods for teaching our childhood, for an assortment of reasons. Capacity following advances scholarly accomplishment, quality guidance, and is a methods for understudy inspiration. Lamentably, the individuals who don't partake enthusiastically in the following project can without much of a stretch b ecome lost or troubled with the framework. This having been stated, I donââ¬â¢t deny the way that numerous enhancements can be made to the current framework as a methods for extending and giving chances to every one of the individuals who want achievement. Scholarly Achievement In an article, Anne Wheelock, an unmistakable training pundit composes, ââ¬Å"Tracking doesn't bring about the equivalent and impartial dissemination of powerful tutoring among all understudies. Rather, following allots the most important school encounters - including testing and significant educational program, connecting with guidance, and high educator desires - to understudies who as of now have the best scholarly, monetary, and social advantagesâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ This having been stated, I saw my secondary school encounters as very different than that. I went to a basically working class school in Sacramento, CA, with understudies f... ...h capacity gathering, in opposition to the post-current conviction of numerous defenders of ââ¬Å"de-trackingâ⬠our schools. Allowed there are numerous defects (as there would be in any instruction framework), however once we work through those blemishes, for example, social and racial preference, capacity gathering will take our general public higher than ever. We are in good shape. Book reference: ââ¬Å"Trackingâ⬠, http://www.edweek.org/setting/subjects/tracking.htm, Copyright 2000, Editorial Projects in Education Chen-Lin C. Kulik and James A. Kulik, Impacts of Ability Grouping on Secondary School Students: A Meta-Analysis of Evaluation Findings, American Educational Research Journal, 19 (1982) Jeannie Oakes, Kevin Welner, and Susan Yonezawa, Commanding Equity: A Case Study of Court-Ordered Detracking in San Jose Schools. From the California Policy Seminar Brief Series, March 1998, Available online at: http://www.ucop.edu/cps/oaks.html. Tom Loveless, ââ¬Å"The Tracking and Ability Grouping Debateâ⬠, The Thomas B. Fordham Foundation. http://www.edexcellence.net/library/track.html Heidi Schweingruber ââ¬Å"The Perception of Ability Differences in U.S. Educationâ⬠, http://www.ed.gov/puppies/Research5/United States/perception.html Uhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17434182056665503402noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1214006211007467969.post-17562823263061963522020-08-21T06:52:00.001-07:002020-08-21T06:52:38.493-07:00Classical Conditioning Learn How to Create Habits for Success Classical Conditioning Learn How to Create Habits for Success Donât you know that there is science behind your cravings for your favorite restaurant food or sweets when you think about them?This science is also responsible for your excitement when you go out to work. Itâs also the reason why youâre probably scared about the idea of hiking if you have fear of heights.Itâs even responsible for peopleâs urge to smoke cigarettes or drink coffee if they are addicted to nicotine and/or caffeine, respectively. This science what we call as classical conditioning, and you will realize here that itâs actually a part of our everyday reactions. Classical conditioning is a type of learning that acquires new information and behavior based on associating a certain stimulation.Many experts believe that classical conditioning deals with our reaction based on our experience. Itâs also believed that classical conditioning refers to a learning process based on a paired stimulus. Itâs where a strong stimulus is paired with a neutral-level stimulus i n order to create a response.The basics of classical conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov. Several factors which employ classical conditioning were soon discovered after he discovered it.These will be explained later on.Firstly, let us take a look at Ivan Pavlovâs life and how he was able to develop classical conditioning.IVAN PAVLOV THE FATHER OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONINGIvan Pavlov (September 14, 1849 February 27, 1936) was the physiologist who discovered the learning process.His childhood days in a church school in Ryazan showed a curiosity at a highly intellectual level that he calls his âinstinct for researchâ. He got his ideas when he based Dmitry Pisarev and Ivan Sechenovâs ideals in physiology.As a result, Pavlov started to focus on science and physiology and left he church school to attend a natural science course at the University of Saint Petersburg.From this moment, until his discovery of classical conditioning, Pavlov was able to comfortably study his passi on to the point where he became known as one of the most successful physiologists of his time.Classical conditioning was actually his main focus throughout his career and he devoted his life in developing various theories about it.He was able to grab various rewards in his career, such as gold medals when he got his degree of Candidate of Natural Sciences in 2875. He even won a Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1904; the first Russian to receive the Nobel prize.He is highly regarded and respected for his talents even up to this day.A Dog, a Bell and Some Food: The Discovery of Classical ConditioningPavlovâs discovery of classical conditioning occurred in the 1900s where he experimented with his dog Circa. Pavlovâs experiment was the foundation of the learning process as it shows the very basics of the study.The very first experiment undergone two phases. The first one was conducted by Pavlov when the dog was placed in a box with a harness. The dog was left alone in the b ox for a few hours. This procedure was repeated many times on different days.However, this phase didnât prove much of the study. However, the second phase proved the most basic result of the experiment.It was conducted by observing how Circa will salivate based on two different but paired stimulus.A salivary gland was attached to the dog to measure the amount of saliva produced upon stimulation. Pavlov rang a bell (which he called as the neutral stimulus or NS) and then gave food (Pavlov called this as the unconditioned stimulus or UCS) to Circa afterwards.The process was repeated every time Circa receives food.At the first few days, the dog salivated (labeled initially as an unconditioned response or UCR only at the sight of the food.But when the experiment was repeated further for multiple days, the dog seemed to salivate (now called as the conditioned response or CR) at the sound of the ring without the food being seen.This caused the neutral stimulus (the ringing) to become a conditioned stimulus (CS) through the support of the unconditioned stimulus (the food). This caused the dog to instinctively think that the ringing of the bell means mealtime.Authorâs Note: I also had the same scenario with my cats. When we first go them, they donât respond on the sound of the plastic bag when I shake it before feeding them with the ca food in it. After a few months, they respond quickly and approach me whenever they hear the rusting of the plastic bag. They even meow for food when they hear us eat during mealtime because they got used to getting fed right after our meals. It just shows that classical conditioning is purely based on experience and instinct combined.âThe graph below serves as the blueprint of the experiment and the very basic example of classical conditioning: Source: PsychstudyHUMANS HAVE INSTINCTS: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING ON HUMANSClassical conditioningâs was also found out to be applicable to humans, as classical conditioning is a form behavioral pattern.There are numerous proofs where classical conditioning is applied to our everyday lives.It has played an important role in generating various responses. The field of behavioral science has also accepted classical conditioning as a basis for numerous researches that studies mental health as well.More advanced conditioning studies such as fear conditioning and taste aversion learning also rooted from trials conducted from classical conditioning.According to Morsella (Psychological Review, 2005), people have the ability to suppress behaviors but cannot suppress the urges that connects the stimulus of their behaviors.Morsella also states that the circuits in the brain that conducts classical conditioning are different from the circuits that develop our conscious memories.She also stated th at classical conditioning is different from operant conditioning as itâs based on stimulating the person in exchange of a certain reward which she called as âvoluntaryâ conditioning.On the other hand, Morsella dubs classical conditioning as âinvoluntaryâ. She also credited Pavlov for the development of her review.Daily experiences from any type of stimulation can be conducted to humans as well, such as what this scene from The Office shows: In the video shown above, Jim classically conditions Dwight by giving him some mints whenever Jimâs computer plays an error sound. Jim repeatedly did It to the point where Dwight is instinctively asking for the mints even if Jim doesnât have any at the moment.The Little Albert Experiment: A Case Study In Developing Phobia One of the milestones that made classical conditioning more noticeable to humans is the Little Albert Experiment. It was done by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner on a 9 month old infant named Albert.He was tested on his reactions by introducing stimuli based on animal interaction.Albert was able to touch and see white rats and monkeys. He was also introduced to objects such as masks. The infant didnât respond to the animals and objects.However, Little Albert began to cry when these objects and animals were shown, followed by a loud sound of a hammer hitting a steel bar. The noise startled Little Albert to tears.Two months later, Albert was conditioned to fearing the rat by presenting it in front of the baby, followed by the noise of the hammer striking the steel bar.This was done seven times within seven weeks, resulting in Albert crying all the time.Afterwards, physiologists observed that Little Albert starts to experience fear upon the sight of the white rat even if no hammer is stroke against the steel bar.The conditioned response of fear is often conditionally stimulated by everything white from this point; even a white fur coat or a white dog scared the child.Watson and Rayner labele d this learning process as generalization, which is linked to various applications of classical conditioning in a humanâs everyday life and activities.APPLICATIONS OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING IN OUR EVERYDAY LIVESOur conditioned stimulus can come from different aspects of life that we have developed over the years.This is what Morsella has stated whenever we deal with involuntary reactions based on a certain stimuli that we expect or unexpectedly encounter in our everyday lives. Here are the following applications of classical conditioning that we may or may not be aware of in our daily lives:AdvertisingAdvertising techniques are also heavy associated with classical conditioning.Some businesses even conduct research with physiologists to observe the behavior of the people within their market. Companies employ different personalities for advertising.For example, animated character are often used as commercial models for kidsâ products. On the other hand, beautiful women are often u sed for beauty product advertisements and apparels.The field of advertising can also use a certain daily scenario as a way to classically condition the market into purchasing their product. For example, a child or adult having a terrible cough is shown in commercials for cough medicines. In turn, the market to purchase on the companyâs end when they suffer from a terrible cough.AddictionThe study of addiction to humans and its treatment was further advanced through the use of classical conditioning.Rehabilitation centers also employ classical conditioning to their treatments to drug and alcohol addicts.Addiction is an easy example of classical conditioning as people addicted to a certain substance can feel relaxed even before intaking what they crave for.For example, caffeine addicts may experience relaxation upon smelling or thinking about coffee.Authorâs Note: I was addicted to cigarettes two years ago. When I first started to smoke in 2009, I suddenly adopted a trait where I suddenly crave for cigarettes just by smelling the smoke from other smokers. I even became conditioned to smoking whenever I feel stressed years later when I started working.Doctors also got help from physiologists when treating addiction. Smoking cessation can now be accomplished through medication.Varenicline is one of those products as it weakens a patientâs nicotinic receptor. This results in reduced cravings for nicotine and can decrease the satisfaction felt from smoking tobacco. Varenclineâs notable side effect is nausea; it Is even induced when the patient starts smoking again.This is called as conditioned taste aversion an advanced form of classical conditioning in tasting food and substances. This also results the patient to instinctively remember themselves to intake Varencline whenever they feel the urge to smoke completely breaking the habit.Authorâs Note: Classical conditioning is also applicable for breaking addiction without the need for drugs. However, it is through experience. I suffered from bronchitis two years ago, where I finally became a heavy smoker. Ever since I got cured from it, I always remembered that horrible experience whenever I think about smoking cigarettes prompting me to avoid it. It shows that you can conditionally become stimulated in quitting to smoke if you experienced something that negatively impacted you.Emotional ResponseThere are two types of emotional response that can be generated through classical conditioning: negative and positive responses.Negative responses such as fear can be stimulated by associating it with what the person hears. For example, if they are afraid of dogs, a nearby bark of the dog can make them nervous even if they canât see the dog yet. Phobias such as fear of water can also occur to hydrophobic patients when they go to a beach resort or a swimming pool.Positive responses such as relaxation can also occur when a person thinks of traveling or a massage when they badly need one. Exc itement is also a response based on classical conditioning if you feel like something goodâs going to happen soon, like a planned trip or a date.HungerCravings are one of the by-products of classical conditioning as they become hungry when they think about a dish they are craving, resulting in its immediate purchase or preparation.Their cravings happen as they were able to experience something satisfying when they ate the dish out of hunger in the past.Some people walking or driving around town can feel hungry after they spot a restaurant or a popular fast-food chain. This happens because people are conditioned with the fact that restaurants provide the food they want to eat.Past ExperiencesPeople can also associate anything with a past experience.A soundtrack that you listened during your travels might make you remember those relaxing moments whenever you hear the song again on the radio.The scent of a perfume similar to what you girlfriend worn during a memorable date can make y ou reminisce those sweet moments if you smell if again in the mall.Post-traumatic disorders is also a by-product of classical conditioning for people who experienced something traumatic such as a war or an accident.The anxiety produced by PTSD may occur if a soldier who returned from combat hears fireworks during Independence Day or New Year, even if they enjoyed it before experiencing combat. Some worse scenarios involve the soldier being enraged or hysterical when they hear fireworks.Classical Conditioning in School and WorkStrict teachers, bullying, and school policies can induce fear to children when they attend their classes.A strict teacher who hates noise can silence the whole class if she arrives inside the room. Itâs because they might have experienced the teacherâs scolding or punishments when one or more of the students produced unnecessary noise during class.Workplaces can produce more disciplined employees by implementing strict compliance and attendance policies. F riendly work environments or a workmates close to you can induce a feeling or attraction and urge to become productive at work.Drug and Food IntakeDrugs can also cause a conditioned response to our bodies and minds depending on what we felt when we first tried the medicine.For example, a bad tasting medicine can induce vomiting the next time you take it again.Some extreme cases even induce vomiting when the patient hears the name of the drug. On a positive note, some patients may feel relaxed when they are about to intake a medicine that relieved the symptoms of their illness.The same conditional response also goes for food. A person who hates vegetables may feel disgusted upon seeing or even hearing it. But cravings and hunger may occur to a person when they hear about their favorite dish.There are numerous examples of classical conditioning used in our daily lives. The following mentioned above are the most commonly experienced events. For sure this will keep you conscious about c lassical conditioning whenever you experience one of the following applications.HOW CAN CLASSICAL CONDITIONING IMPROVE OUR LIVESClassical conditioning can impact our lives positively or negatively.But that doesnât mean that we donât have a choice in improving our lives using classical conditioning.Here are some nice tips that you can follow if you want to improve your life using the learning procedure:Breaking Bad HabitsYou can use classical conditioning in reversing your bad habits.For example, you can quit from smoking by diverting the way you spend cigarette smoking into saving money.So instead of going to a convenience store to purchase a pack, you will just place it on a piggy bank. If you condition yourself in saving money whenever you feel the urge to smoke, you may turn that into a saving habit whenever you have spare change on your wallet.Facing Your FearsFacing your fears can be temporarily or permanently be done when you have to face your fear often.A lot of experienc ed hikers say that mountain climbing can be the ultimate way to remove your fear of heights.At first, you just have to think about the fact that you need to go up and down the mountain because your hiking buddies are going to leave you behind. If you always think about that, you will focus more on the goal rather than your fears.With enough traveling to the mountains, you will soon realize that youâre more oriented towards your goals while not minding your fears anymore as your mind is finally conditioned in catching up with your buddies.Teaching Children The Right MannersEducating children the right manners nowadays is very crucial. Kids are growing smarter nowadays, and some of them can reason out with their parents.Conditioning your children by portraying good manners in exchange of your comfort and attention can be a good way. At first, your children will always comply just to get your attention and the rewards behind it.But eventually as they grow up, they will start performi ng good manners even if you occasionally give them rewards. Itâs because your kids will start to think that doing the right manners grants them proper approach from other people.Training Your PetYou can train your pet in classical conditioning to perform a wide variety of tasks. Even pet tricks can be learned through classical conditioning.You just have to use the neutral stimulus as the objective or the task/trick that you want to train to your pet. Use food as the unconditioned stimulus just like what Pavlov did to his experiment.Do this for a few days to the point where your pet can perform the task just by ordering them to do it even without the food. To maintain the skill that you trained them to do, be sure to occasionally reward them with food.Becoming Good At WorkIf youâre a lazy person and you want to change for the best in your career life, classical conditioning can be your ally in becoming a committed professional.Use your drive to work as the neutral stimulus over a long-term goal that you want to attain (which will be the unconditioned stimulus).Short term goals are not applicable as it might give you the risk of inconsistency at being a good professional that will keep you from working hard for a long time until you become a hardworking person even if your goal is already accomplished.Now thatâs a good mindset to consider!CLASSICAL CONDITIONING IS OUR EXPERIENCEWe should be thankful for Pavlovâs discovery as it helped us notice about the different responses that we can make based on certain scenarios. We can use this as an evolutionary tool in predicting the outcome of our actions.It can also be used as a way to treat negative traits such as addiction. Fears can also be analyzed by observing the neutral and unconditioned stimuli of our fear so then we can come with a solution to overcome it.If we canât do it, always remember that physiologists are also there to aid us, especially now that you have an idea how classical conditioning wor ks.Classical conditioning isnât just something that physiologists should understand. Even commoners who arenât versed in the field of behavioral studies should understand the simply basics of this learning procedure. Itâs one of the many things that helps us respond in the many events that can impact our lives.Thatâs why itâs worth learning about. Uhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17434182056665503402noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1214006211007467969.post-74650407624229257052020-05-24T21:57:00.001-07:002020-05-24T21:57:02.549-07:00Terrorism Influences - 1537 Words Terrorism Influences The history of terrorism has affected governments, communities, businesses and individuals. Terrorism has been around for thousands of years but the term was not developed until the French Revolution. Underlying conditions such as corruption, poverty, and religious conflict create opportunities for terrorists to exploit and take advantage of. Some of these conditions are real and some are made-up. Through the last 200 years, the concept of terrorism has been used to as a reference to political motivations and has been used a way to obtain liberation, oppression, and international global politics (ââ¬Å"State Of Delawareâ⬠, 2012). Since the terrorist attacks, police departments have adopted homeland securityâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Right-wing terrorists are anti-Marxist and religious. This group supports the economic system and are usually in rural areas. They concentrate attacks on government figures. Modern right-wing terrorism began to appear in Western Europe a round 1980ââ¬â¢s. Their beliefs include racism, opposition to immigration and people from other countries. ââ¬Å"Some of these forms of terrorism have long traditions: violence against ethnic, racial, sexual and political minorities has been going on for decades, and even centuries, in some countriesâ⬠(ââ¬Å"War On Terrorism And Racismâ⬠, 2011). Weapons of Mass Destruction and Terrorism The introduction of weapons of mass destruction into terrorism has triggered the creation of new departments that have the responsibility to analyze all types of threat information in a single location. ââ¬Å"Such weapons include biological, chemical, nuclear and radiological devices, and range from the silent threat of a poison gas attack to a cataclysmic nuclear explosion. Those who would launch such attacks know thousands could die, of course, but their fundamental motive would be to strike fear and panic in tens of millions moreâ⬠(Porteus, 2006). The likelihood of terrorists being able to produce or obtain weapons of mass destruction is the result of loose controls of the technology to produce such weapons, during the time of the former Soviet states. Weapons of mass destruction are very hard to produce and obtain. SomeShow MoreRelatedMedia Influences Terrorism779 Words à |à 3 PagesTerrorism has been a controversial topic ever since the 19th century, during Napoleonââ¬â¢s invasion of Spain in 1807 (White, Jonathan, et al. 123). The termââ¬â¢s meaning has changed over time throughout history, and has sparked debates over its true definition (White Jonathan, et al. 7). It was not until after the 9/11 attacks, when the media started to bring terrorism in its headlines. By then, terrorism became a popular topic for its drama. Drama attracts audiences to read, watch, or listen to theirRead MoreThe Difference between Terrorism and Domestic Terrorism Essay1104 Words à |à 5 PagesThe terms terrorism and domestic terror ism are very similar concepts. There are, however, slight differences in each. Entities that are apart of the Government have slightly different ways of explaining what they believe to be the correct definition of terrorism and domestic terrorism. In this paper the author will offer definitions of the two terms and state which one they agree with the most. The author will also state how the two terms are best differentiated. The Federal Bureau of InvestigationRead MoreList Of Definitions Of Terrorism Essay969 Words à |à 4 Pagesthroughout the literature reviewed. These themes are: defining terrorism, the terrorist mindset, methods of identifying a potential terrorist, ways to detect terrorist activities prior to execution, and developing means to combat future acts of terrorism. Although the literature presents these main themes in a variety of perspectives, this paper will primarily focus on their applicability to the terrorist lifecycle. Defining Terrorism What is a terrorist? Before we can determine the likelihoodRead MoreThe Study Of Terrorism And Terrorism929 Words à |à 4 Pages The study of terrorism is as complex as the problem itself. How the many factors of terrorism, such as fear and popular support, are interwoven make this a difficult problem to understand, let alone defeat. With this in mind it becomes clear that understanding the problem is, perhaps, the all-important first step to defeating it. To that end, the five most important things about terrorism and counterterrorism I learned from this course are: 1) Our National Strategy for Counterterrorism isRead MoreThe Is Terrorism, And What Makes It Offensive?1492 Words à |à 6 Pagesfactors. Perspectives are a major factor with terrorism. Terrorism can be traced back nearly 50,000 years, to the onset of human existence. It has affected every culture, and every gender. Ranging from the Egyptians and the pharos, to the Greek kings. It has marched across all of the Middle East, through the once pure skies, right into our home land- the United States of America. But what is terrorism, and what makes it offensive? To understand terrorism, we must delve into its roots. In the documentaryRead MoreDifficulties Of Defining Terrorism And Terrorism807 Words à |à 4 PagesDefining Terrorism Marissa P Rice Strayer University Abstract The purpose of this paper is to discuss the difficulties defining terrorism. I will focus on four government agencies definitions of terrorism. I will then choose two to compare and contrast. Then I will choose one definition of the four agencies that I believe most accurately defines terrorism. Difficulties of Defining Terrorism The definition of terrorism may give an enormous impetus in the way of combating terrorism. ThereRead MoreEssay on Terrorism in the Media1109 Words à |à 5 PagesTerrorism in the Media Terrorism can be defined as the use of criminal violence to try to force a government to change. It can also be defined as the use of criminal violence that groups or individuals use to seek revenge and cause heartache amongst those that they want to hurt/threaten. Most terrorist groups prefer to target people for a more dramatic response and celebrate when the media broadcasts their violent acts on television and throughout the news. Lately, more and more deadly terroristRead MoreTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism1326 Words à |à 6 Pagesallowing terrorism to be successful and continue. Terrorists gain power through the common, innocent people they attack. How the world responds to terrorist attacks determines whether or not terrorism will cease. The common peopleââ¬â¢s response to terrorism, the interest of the state, and the mediaââ¬â¢s role in terrorism all aide to terrorismââ¬â¢s success and its continuation in the future. How people willingly choose to respond to terrorist attacks defines terrorism and determines if terrorism will continueRead MoreGtd Flaws And Issues. Gtd Is Considered As One Of The Most1382 Words à |à 6 Pagesarticles is always a subjective view, moreover only English articles were used, thus we can see only one side of the coin. Data collection that were used to gather information for the database is really important and if we change the method it may influence an outcome. GTD is used in the official reportings and cited by leading politicians as an ââ¬Å"absolute truthâ⬠[6]. According to the experts, GTD isnââ¬â¢t always accurate and can show different results in comparison with other similar databases [6]. AsRead MoreTerrorism As A System Of Terror Essay1565 Words à |à 7 PagesName Professor Course Date Terrorism is a difficult concept to define because definitions are not intended to be true or false but a reflection of evident phenomena that have common properties that result from similar causes and effects. The oxford English Dictionary defines terrorism as a system of terror directed and carried out by those in power such as that in France during the revolution of 1789-1794, or a system aimed at striking with terror the individuals whom it is adopted. This definition Uhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17434182056665503402noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1214006211007467969.post-85581003807717716082020-05-14T04:55:00.001-07:002020-05-14T04:55:05.974-07:00The Republic Essay - 1514 Words The Republic Plato was born around the year 428 BCE into an established Athenian household with a history of political connections -- including distant relations to both Solon and Pisistratus. Platos parents were Ariston and Perictone, his older brothers were Adeimantus and Glaucon, and his younger sister was Potone. In keeping with his family heritage, Plato was destined for the political life. But the Peloponnesian War, which began a couple of years before he was born and continued until well after he was twenty, led to the decline of the Athenian Empire. The war was followed by religious movement that led to the execution of Platos mentor, Socrates. Together these events forever altered the course of Platos life. Platoâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Two of Platos relatives, Critias (his mothers uncle) and Charmides (his mothers brother) played roles in politics. Critias was identified as one of the more extreme members and chief advocate of the government, while Charmides played a smaller role as one of the Eleven, a customs/police force which oversaw the Piraeus. The government made a practice of confiscating the estates of wealthy Athenians and resident aliens and of putting many individuals to death. In an effort to implicate Socrates in their actions, the government ordered him to arrest Leon of Salamis. Socrates, however, resisted and was spared punishment only because a civil war eventually replaced the corrupt government with a new and most radical democracy. A general amnesty, the first in history, was issued absolving those who participated in the reign of terror and other crimes committed during the war. But because many of Socrates associates were involved with the corrupt government, public sentiment had turned against him, and he now had the reputation of being anti-democratic. In what appears to be a matter of guilt-by-association, a general prejudice was ultimately responsible for bringing Socrates to trial in 399 on the charges of corrupting the youth, introducing new gods into the city, atheism, and engaging in unusual religious practices. During his trial,Show MoreRelatedThe Republic Of Plato s Republic865 Words à |à 4 Pagesgovernments, ideal cities and even ideal rulers over the course of the semester, from Aristotleââ¬â¢s Politics to the city described in the Melian dialogue, there is one that undoubtedly left a greater on me than the other- the city described in Platoââ¬â¢s Republic. From Platoââ¬â¢s remarkably feminist ideals and vague sense of barebones socialism, thereââ¬â¢s a lot in this city that I hypothetically would throw my support behind. This is not to say that I think that this is the ââ¬Å"bestâ⬠option of the cities that weRead MoreThe Republic Of Haiti Versus The French Republic1963 Words à |à 8 PagesKamal Mo hamed, Sanford H. Calhoun High School Introduction: The court will be hearing the case of the Republic of Haiti versus the French Republic. The mannor of the case will be concerning the Independence debt of 1825 in which the French Republic issued a tax amount of 90 million gold Francs in the year 1825 due to the Republic of Haiti s desire to leave the French Empire. The French Republic calculated the amount after the former slave owners totalled the loss after the former slaves revoltedRead MoreThe Republic Of The Dominican Republic Essay1186 Words à |à 5 PagesThe dominican Republic is known as the breadbasket of the Caribbean because it grows, farms, and catches almost everything thatââ¬â¢s served for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. The Dominican Republic was the first colony founded by Christopher Columbus. It used to go by ââ¬Å"La Hispaniolaâ⬠in colonial times. Also the flag of the Dominican Republic is the only national flag in the world to feature the image of a bible. My country is the Dominican Republic. I learn ed about the culture, food, religion, importsRead MoreCzech Republic And The Republic2518 Words à |à 11 PagesThe Czech Republic is located nearly in the center of Europe and was recently known as Czechoslovakia. The Czech Republic is bordered by Slovakia, Germany, Poland, and Austria. The Czech Republic was a part of Czechoslovakia until 1993 when it split into both the Czech Republic and Slovakia. With it being a fairly new country, one would assume that it is struggling to catch up to society economically, this is simply untrue, because the Czech Republic is one of the most economically stable countriesRead MoreWeimar Republic And Its Effect On The Republic732 Words à |à 3 Pages The Weimar republic by:Efren Camacho, World History, pd 1 Weimar republic weaknesses were important because, the Weimar republic was elected for a new republic of Germany later on,that did not turn on well. First, the weimar republic was elected for new government Jan,1919. The Nazis came to power in the 1930ââ¬â¢s, and manich to establish a dictatorship.why were the Weimar republic weaknesses significant? The origins of the Weimar republic, weaknesses, how did Hitler come toRead MoreMonarchy vs Republic1907 Words à |à 8 PagesEssay # 1 The question of monarchy versus republic is mostly discussed from a highly emotional rather than a rational point of view. A few undignified occupants of royal thrones are enumerated, and are then presented as examples of monarchy as such. The defenders of monarchy are no better. They point to corrupt professional politicians, of whom there exist a sufficient number, and claim that this is the necessary consequence of a republican constitution. Neither is a rational argument. There haveRead MoreLarge Vs. Small Republic1001 Words à |à 5 Pages#1, Question 2 Large vs. Small Republic America is an incredibly vast, diverse country, and has been this way for hundreds of years. The sheer size of America, even when it was only composed of thirteen states with a total population of nearly three million people (Brutus, essay 1, p. 64), concerned many Americans in the 1780s, due to this inquiry: was America simply too large for a republican style government to work? Many anti-federalists claimed that republics could only work on a small scaleRead More Platos Republic Essay1892 Words à |à 8 Pages Platos Republic nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Critics of The Republic, Platos contribution to the history of political theory, have formed two distinct opinions on the reasoning behind the work. The first group believes that The Republic is truly a model for a political society, while the other strongly objects to that, stating it as being far too fantastic for any society to operate successfully by these suggested methods. In an exchange between Crito and Dionysius, this argument is first introducedRead MoreLegend By Marie Lu : The Republic1053 Words à |à 5 PagesLegend by Marie Lu is a, post-apocalyptic future Los Angeles dystopia ruled by the Republic. In Legend, there are two main characters; Day a fifteen year old boy, also, the Republics most wanted criminal. He is also homeless, because he had failed his trial that he had taken when he was ten that determines his social class and his job. His brother is affected by a new kind of plague, which is ââ¬Å"attackingâ⬠the sectors. His other brotherââ¬â¢s name is John and he has a mother. He lives with his friend TessRead MoreEssay on Machiavellis Advice to Republics570 Words à |à 3 PagesMachiavellis Advice to Republics In secular democracies, power is necessarily derived from the will of the governed. That power is then entrusted to a leader, who Machiavelli would understand to be a prince. Inherently, his book, The Prince, has been close at hand for most politicians for centuries, as it provides general, historically proven advice for principalities and republics on how to govern and maintain relations with their most important resource and the very core of their power Uhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17434182056665503402noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1214006211007467969.post-29769065551946274712020-05-06T14:45:00.001-07:002020-05-06T14:45:35.969-07:00Phobias - 1174 Words Running head: PHOBIAS AND ADDICTIONS Phobias and Addictions PSY/300 Abstract This essay examines phobias and addictions, how phobias can be developed through operant conditioning and how addictions can be developed through operant conditioning. This essay also examines the distinctions between classical and operant condition and examines ââ¬Å"extinctionâ⬠as it relates to psychological theory and how extinction is achieved in classical and operant conditioning. Phobias and Addictions Numerous psychologists believe that behaviors are learned through conditioning. These conditionings are known as operant, which is based on individualââ¬â¢s response to outside stimuli, and classical conditioning, which isâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Whereas, in operant conditioning a behavior becomes associated with an environmental effect such as a feeling of being rewarded by performing a certain behavior. Classical conditioning is a passive learning experience, whereas Operant conditioning is generally a more active learning experience. What is extinction? In psyc hology, extinction is the gradual weakening of a conditioned response that results in the behavior decreasing or disappearing. For example, when a dog becomes conditioned to receiving treats due to begging, (reinforcing the behavior), the dog can become conditioned to developing a taste for only treats. At this point the dog will stop eating its regular diet and eat only treats. For extinction, you ignore the dogs begging for treats and eventually this behavior will stop and the dog will resume eating its regular diet. ââ¬Å" Reinforcement is one type of environmental consequence that controls behavior through operant conditioning; the other is punishment, whereas reinforcement always increases the likelihood of a response, either by the presentation of a reward or the removal of an aversive stimulus, punishment decreases the probability that a behavior will recurâ⬠(Kowalski Weston ,2009).While extinction can be actualized, the process of disassociating a person to bring abou t a change in behavior can be long, and, arduous, yet it can be an extremely rewarding journey. Extinction in classicalShow MoreRelatedPhobias And Its Effects On Phobias925 Words à |à 4 PagesA phobia is a phenomenon where an organism has a distinct fear of a particular event or object. Phobias can not only be a biological instinct but rather a conditioned emotional response as well. Though, there has been some argument on what causes phobia it is generally accepted that phobias both stem from biological input and environmental experiences. The first reference to phobias was done by Hippocrates, who wrote about one of his patients having an extreme fear over something that othersRead MorePhobias802 Words à |à 4 PagesAracniphobi, the fear of spiders, might be one of the first phobias to come across someoneââ¬â¢s lips. One of my phobias is Cynophobia, or the fear of dogs. There are many things that scare people, but when someone starts thinking of college, fear is not the first thing that pops into their head. Usually, itââ¬â¢s things like staying up late, freedom, and being on your own that makes everyone jump for joy to leave their parentââ¬â¢s nest. I feel fear. Iââ¬â¢m afraid to an extent. I know that it wonââ¬â¢t be the beingRead More Phobias Essay1282 Words à |à 6 Pagesrecognizes that phobias are not something to be ashamed of, and that everyone has at least one. But what exactly is a phobia? Simply put, itââ¬â¢s an anxiety disorder. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The exact definition of a phobia is a bit different though. A phobia is an anxiety disorder in which a person will experience a strong, irrational fear of a situation, object, or activity. Adults with fears usually realize they are being irrational, but children are the opposite. A phobia will produce a feelingRead MorePhobias: Effects and Treatments of Phobias Essay1534 Words à |à 7 Pagesand situations involving spiders. Should phobias be treated in everybody, including young children? Phobias should be treated seriously, because they cause disruptions in the lives of the victims, they leave emotional and psychological scars, and the cause acute distress and panic attacks that take a normal situation and make it terrifying. A phobia is an irrational fear of an object or situation (ââ¬Å"PhobiaFacts ââ¬â Phobiasâ⬠). Every fear is a phobia though there may not be an official nameRead MoreEssay on Phobias1925 Words à |à 8 PagesPhobias Fear is a normal and an important human reaction to something dangerous, it keeps one out of danger, because fear is disliked and one tries ones best to avoid the object or situation of fear. It causes physical changes known as fight-or-flight reaction, which causes blood pressure to increase and the heart rate to speed up to pump blood to the large muscles used to run away, to balance this the human body has sweat glands which produce perspiration to cool the body. Usually young peopleRead More Phobias Essay2226 Words à |à 9 Pages Phobias nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Phobias are a very common disorder in the United States these days. The definition for phobia is quot;an abnormal or morbid fear or aversionquot; (quot;Oxfordquot; 655). To be considered a phobia, a fear must cause great distress or interfere with a personamp;#8217;s life in a major way. The word phobia is Greek, therefore, any word that proceeds it should be Greek too. To coin a new phobia name, it is proper and only accepted to follow this rule. TheRead MoreThe History of Phobias Essay1117 Words à |à 5 PagesPhobias have been in existence for many years. Phobias date back to the works of Hippocrates, a prehistoric Greek physician (Korgeski, 2009). The works of Hippocrates are still debated today. In The Seventh Book of Epidemics, one of the publications by Hippocrates, he studied an individual and he interpreted a condition that the person portrayed. The results of the observation were that the individual was petrified of the sound of a flute, if he was nââ¬â¢t intoxicated. He noticed the individual wasRead MoreFear : Fear And Phobia1328 Words à |à 6 PagesFear and phobia, we all face one at some point in time though the question of what causes it or at the least why we were we biologically inclined to have phobias and fear.Winerman, L. (2016). Lest we forget we have nothing to fear but fear itself and look upon this inquiry of what fear is. Be it a scary movie or something far more sinister, but what does it all mean? What causes you to fear? Well Based on my research I conclude that fear is something that can be learned or inherited. Alongside myRead MorePhobia Speech902 Words à |à 4 Pagestrucks below looked like ants? Would you scream, yell or cry? Would you be left feeling nauseas, or unable to move. Would you hyperventilate and suffer a serious heart attack right there siting on your chair? If you would, you may have a phobia. A phobia is an extreme or irrational fear. Everybody suffers from some kind of fear, everybody in the WORLD suffers from some kind of fear. Except Chuck Norris, he doesnââ¬â¢t have fears, fears have Chuck Norris. Most fears start fron scary events/thingRead MorePhobia Research Paper2253 Words à |à 10 PagesKnown as a mental disorder a phobia is a persistent fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that leads to compelling desire to avoid it. Phobias tend to affect the way people live their lives, for example, their working and social environments, considering that they last for a very long time and are capable to cause intense psychological physical stress. It is considered today the most common mental and anxiety disorder in the United States (Matig Mavissakalian David H. Barlow 1981 pp Uhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17434182056665503402noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1214006211007467969.post-11000553047203813412020-05-05T15:57:00.001-07:002020-05-05T15:57:12.038-07:00Institutional Pharmacy Setting Essay Example For Students Institutional Pharmacy Setting Essay Institutional Pharmacy Setting 1 Institutional Pharmacy Setting Axia College of University of Phoenix Leonalda Cruz Institutional Pharmacy Setting 2 An institutional pharmacy provides an array of services for residents of nursing homes, hospitals, hospice care, and other long term facilities. In this particular setting, the pharmacist will take responsibility for the medication that the patientsââ¬â¢ need and ensures that patientsââ¬â¢ medications are appropriate, effective, safe, and they are used correctly. A pharmacy technician may work with less supervision in this setting, so it is important that the technician also be familiar with dosing, compounding, IV administration, and other drug relation procedures. The institutional pharmacy provides delivery service and prescription drugs that are individually packaged. Pharmacists constantly check patientsââ¬â¢ drug interaction to avoid duplication of the treatment and reactions. The institutional pharmacy is a principal defense against medical errors and allows the pharmacists and staff to provide patient the quality care that they deserve. The pharmacist counsels patients, provide drug regimens, and oversee medication distribution. Institutional pharmacists and technicians use controlled dispensing systems to make sure that patients have the right drugs at the right time and in the proper dosage and form. Intense services and comprehensive scope are other services provided by the institutional pharmacy. oà à For what tasks might an institutional-pharmacy technician be responsible? oà à How are medication orders processed in an institutional pharmacy setting? oà à How do institutional and noninstitutional pharmacy settings differ? oà à What patient issues might arise when working in an institutional pharmacy setting? oà à Which issues may be unique to institutional pharmacy settings? Uhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17434182056665503402noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1214006211007467969.post-15003087784052797212020-04-05T19:36:00.001-07:002020-04-05T19:36:02.443-07:00Girl Running Away free essay sample When she first stepped off the bus the first thing she saw was the buildings they were huge and she could taste the exaust of the busses behind her . Blowing in the air when she grabbed her bags from under the bus she felt the vibrations run threw her body from the bus. She was so hungry and threw the smog taste in her mouth she smelled a hot dog stand near by with the hint of onions she also heard yelling busses being called out for their destinations. Everything was so exciting and new to her. She couldnââ¬â¢t wait to get to the halfway house so she could start her new life over , Like she was getting a do over she waived a taxi down . She only had so many minutes to get to , Bryden Rd Columbus, Ohio so she told the samalian taxi driver her situation how she had no time to waste . We will write a custom essay sample on Girl Running Away or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He immediately turned on the meter and they were off she reached her destination in enough time to allow the man to retrieve her bags from the trunk and walk her to the front door. When she first walked in she could smell murphy oil soap they used for cleaning the wood floors. . She gave them her name and was shown her room she unpacked it felt weird to her because she was in the free world again . No one telling her when to get up when to go to sleep when to pee not to pee . Just free over all but in her mind she was still running away from her past insteade of going home she decided to go to a city she had no family in or friends . But she would soon learn that was a big mistake . She did what she needed to do to get out the halfway house earlier than 90 days and found her an apartment and a job but she still had hidden issues the fact that she was a closet drinker and as time went on she started to get lonely and would drink to get to sleep at night and that started her to miss work and she lost her job and meet this guy who was in to deep dark drugs she was looking for love in the wrong places, and she found herself turning dates for money to make the new man in her life happy but she found out two people on drugs donââ¬â¢t work he started beating her everyday so she tried to leave he just followed her and her being in a city with no family he knew no one would care what he did to her . So God sent her an angel to help her get away from him and she got cleanead up and married her and they had four babies and now she looks back at her life and what she came from and where she is now1 References Sherreace Brown . Appendix Each Appendix appears on its own page. Footnotes 1Complete APA style formatting information may be found in the Publication Manual. Table 1 Type the table text here in italics; start a new page for each table [Insert table here] Figure Captions Figure 1. Caption of figure [Figures ââ¬â note that this page does not have the manuscript header and page number] Uhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17434182056665503402noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1214006211007467969.post-56458258223633757562020-03-08T20:23:00.001-07:002020-03-08T20:23:03.163-07:00Compounds of plant secondary metabolites Essay ExampleCompounds of plant secondary metabolites Essay Example Compounds of plant secondary metabolites Essay Compounds of plant secondary metabolites Essay Introduction What are secondary metabolites? Plant secondary metabolites are compounds that have no recognized function in the care of cardinal life processes in the programs that synthesize them ( Oksman-Caldentey, et Al. 2004 ) . Historically, secondary metabolites where idea of as waste merchandises as their absence does non ensue in the immediate decease of the works. Primary metabolites such as phytosterols, acyl lipoids, bases, aminic acids and organic acids, are critical for the basic life maps such as cell division and growing, respiration, storage and reproduction. With betterments in biochemical techniques and the development of molecular biological science, secondary metabolites have been proven non to be waste merchandises ( Bourgaud, et Al. 2001 ) . Their map is to help the works in its interaction with its environment. These interactions can be plant-insect, plant-microorganism and plant-plant interaction, making a complex and dynamic mixture of facultative and obligate interactions from mutualism to pathogenicity ( Dixon 2001 ) . Presently more than 100,000 secondary metabolites are known, and with there being at least 250,000 different works species, each with an infinite figure of interactions possible with their environment, many are thought to be undiscovered ( Pimm, et Al. 1995 ) .Generally our cognition of secondary metabolites is limited, with there being a big figure of cistrons, some of which being genus or even species specific. There is besides an tremendous chemodiversity between secondary metabolites, taking to a hapless word picture of metabolic tracts at the degree of biosynthetic intermediates and enzymes ( Dixon and Steele 1999 ; Forkmann and Martens 2001 ) . Secondary metabolite diverseness in workss is an evolutionary driven feature that is mostly influenced by their dynamic environment. There is a huge array of functions that these secondary metabolites are involved in, including protection against herbivores, microbic infection, and attractants for pollinators and allelopathic agents. Of those discovered, most are derived from merely a few edifice blocks, the ethanoate C2 unit ( polyketides ) , the phenylalaine/tryrosine-dervied C9 unit ( phenyl-proanoids ) , the isopentenyl diphosphate C5 unit and some aminic acids ( Verpoorte 1998 ) . Exploitation of secondary metabolites is of immense benefit in the production of pharmaceuticals ( see table 1 ) , dyes, insect powders, nutrient additives and spirits, and cosmetics. What is Biotechnology? Biotechnology is the control and calculated use of a life system to develop commercial procedures and a merchandise. In the production of secondary metabolites it offers unprecedented chances to work the cell, tissue, organ or full beings by turning them in vitro and to genetically pull strings them to obtain a coveted merchandise. Biotechnology provides an alternate to obtaining secondary metabolites from wild and cultivated workss. Reaping from wild programs has built-in jobs due to extinction of the harvest from which the metabolite is isolated, habit devastation and a loss of familial diverseness within works species ( certain species affected include Arcostaphylos uva-vrsa ( bear berry ) and Piper methysticum ( kava ) ) . It is estimated that between 4,000 and 10,000 works species whose secondary metabolites are extracted for medical intents are now endangered ( Edwards, 2004 ) . Conventional agricultural production of secondary metabolites is hapless as the workss of greatest involvement to industry make non turn good when they are cultivated outside of their natural environment. Another danger posed by big field cultivation is the susceptibleness of the workss to pathogen invasion ( anthracnose on Hypericum perforatum ) ( Bourgaud et al.,2001 ) . Chemical synthesis of secondary metabolites is frequently non possible due to their extremely complex constructions and a deficiency of sufficient cognition of specific stereochemical demands needed and besides, the feasibleness of the production procedure can be a hinderance ( Bourgaud et al. , 2001 ) . Biotechnology presents the possibility for the production of secondary metabolites with higher outputs, a uniformed higher quality merchandise, feasibleness and dependability. Due to a deficiency of cognition of secondary metabolites in the developmental phases, under specific emphasiss, seasonal or alimentary demands in workss, merely a few high value secondary metabolites utilizing a biotechnological attack are successful to day of the month on a commercial graduated table. An illustration is shikonin production by cell suspension civilizations of Lithospermum erythrorhizon. Chemical categories of Secondary Metabolites. Secondary metabolites can be classified on the footing of chemical construction, composing, whether or non they are soluble in H2O or the tract by which they are synthesised. There are three chief categories: Terpenoids Phenolic resins Alkaloids. Terpenoids. Terpenoids are the largest group of secondary metabolites ( Verpoorte and Memelink, 2002 ) with more than 30,000 different constructions ( Julsing et al. , 2006 ) . All terpenoids are derived by the insistent merger of bifurcate five C units based on an isopentane skeleton. Terpenoids are frequently referred to as isoprenoids. Terpenoids are classified based on the figure of five Cs units they contain. The smallest of these, is isoprene ( C5 ) which is of import in the commercial production of spirits and aroma additives. Sterols are 30 C molecules called triterpene. They play an of import function in the pharmaceutical industry as a get downing stuff for the synthesis of drugs such as steroid endocrines and preventives. In workss, terpenoids are responsible for the release of volatile compounds in response to herbivore harm. These compounds function in pulling arthropods, which prey on the herbivores. Other categories of terpenoids include phytoalexins, which provide direct defense mechanism against herbivores and microbic pathogens. Alkaloids Alkaloids are the best studied category of secondary metabolites. More than 12,000 alkaloids have been identified ( Oksman-Caldent, 2004 ) . Alkaloids contain N derived from amino acids ( Julsing et al. , 2006 ) and map is thought to be involved in the defense mechanism of the works. Alkaloids represent a really diverse group of medically important compounds that include good known drugs such as morphia and codeine. See figure 2. Phenolic resins Phenolic compounds contain aromatic rings bearing one or more hydroxyl groups ( -OH ) . Nearly 8000 of these phenolic compounds have been discovered to day of the month. They are derived from pentose phosphate, shikimate and phenylpropanoid tracts. They have a wide scope of maps including growing, reproduction and defense mechanism. Flavonoids are the largest group of phenolic compounds, and are found in about all known works species ( Julsing et al. , 2006 ) . Uhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17434182056665503402noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1214006211007467969.post-48892391527006377612020-02-21T10:49:00.001-08:002020-02-21T10:49:02.818-08:00Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2Economics - Essay Example Because of rationality in making economic decisions people often consider the cost and the benefit of their decision. In most cases, people will make an economic decision anticipating a gain (Hirschey, 2009). When purchasing a house I will expect a gain of value, my decision will therefore be based on the difference between the cost incurred to obtain the house and its value. This essay will give a discussion on the economic implication on my decision to purchase a house. Several principals among the ten economics principals will directly influence my decision towards buying the house. Firstly, people face tradeoffs. This is the first principal that I will encounter in the process of making the purchase decision (Slembeck, 2007). This principal implies that one has to give up something in order to acquire something else. According to this principal, I will need to give up my money in exchange to the house. I will also need to give up the purchase of other items that I need most such as a new car in order to acquire the house. Lastly, after acquiring the new house I will have to give up living in my old house in order to occupy the new house. Rational people think at the margin, this is the second economic principal that I will encounter when analyzing my decision to purchase the house (Slembeck, 2007). This principal implies that a rational decision is based on the difference between marginal benefits and cost. ... When buying the house I need to evaluate how the cost of the house compares to the cost of missed opportunities. Finally, people respond to incentives, this principal will be major influence when making the decision (Slembeck, 2007). This means that my decision will tend to follow incentives offered by the different sellers in the market. According to the principal, I will consider purchasing the house from the seller who offers the best discount. Marginal benefits are the additional utility or satisfaction that a person derives from the consumption of an additional unit of a particular commodity. On the other hand, the marginal cost refers to the opportunity cost of acquiring an additional unit of a particular commodity. In the cases of purchasing the house, marginal benefits will refer to the satisfaction derived from a second and subsequent consumption of a commodity (Hirshleifer, Glazer, & Hirshleifer, 2005). The marginal benefit of a house diminishes steadily after acquiring the first unit this is because a person cannot live in two houses simultaneously. This implies that people will tend to spend their money to acquire other items after acquiring their first house. Similarly first time homebuyers will consider their first house as an additional unit. In this case, the house will have a higher marginal benefit that compares well with the missed opportunities. The marginal cost of an item refers to the opportunity cost incurred from acquiring an extra unit of a particular commodity. The opportunity cost of a house is therefore the cost of missed opportunities resulting from acquisition of a second and subsequent house. The marginal cost of a house increases steadily after acquiring the first house since a person can only live in one Uhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17434182056665503402noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1214006211007467969.post-78905397669192826792020-02-05T07:44:00.001-08:002020-02-05T07:44:03.696-08:00Criminal justice, procedure and human rights CourseworkCriminal justice, procedure and human rights - Coursework Example Of course, these are the extreme limits and the judge imposes sentence based upon the facts of the case. Although by statute there is no distinction drawn between voluntary and involuntary manslaughter, that is to say there is only one crime manslaughter, in general the distinction between the two are commonly acknowledged. There are two major categories that fall within the scope of involuntary manslaughter. These are: Constructive manslaughter assigns guilt to the defendant even though they may not have intended the injury or death of the victim and a reasonable person may not have conceived that the death would result, but the responsibility for the death, none the less, is found in the commission of an illegal "quite unconnected and possibly minor unlawful act" (LAWCOM 237, 1996: p. 13) which resulted in the death. ... Constructive Manslaughter Constructive manslaughter assigns guilt to the defendant even though they may not have intended the injury or death of the victim and a reasonable person may not have conceived that the death would result, but the responsibility for the death, none the less, is found in the commission of an illegal "quite unconnected and possibly minor unlawful act" (LAWCOM 237, 1996: p. 13) which resulted in the death. As found in Creamer1: A man is guilty of involuntary manslaughter when he intends an unlawful act and one likely to do harm to the person and death results which was neither foreseen nor intended. It is the accident of death resulting which makes him guilty of manslaughter as opposed to some lesser offence. In R v Mitchell2, at appeal the court found that several criteria must be met in order to establish that manslaughter due to an unlawful act had been committed. Upon decision the court found that to be convicted the following four conditions need to be met: The defendant committed an illegal act The act was dangerous in that a reasonable and sober person would recognise the inherent danger of act committed The death of the victim resulted from the act The defendant intended to commit the act even though they may not have foreseen the consequence of the death of the defendant In order to understand the criteria of each point required to show cause for a guilty verdict of involuntary manslaughter, it is necessary to review the case law for each of the above points. R v Franklin3 established the precedent that the defendant must have committed an unlawful act in order to be convicted of manslaughter. This was upheld in R. v. Lamb4. In R v Dalby5 the court attempted to establish that the defendant's Uhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17434182056665503402noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1214006211007467969.post-1328747589369966012020-01-28T04:08:00.001-08:002020-01-28T04:08:07.119-08:00HR Manual for Tata Power Community DevelopmentHR Manual for Tata Power Community Development Tata Power Company (TPC), a pioneer in the power sector, has historically been committed to environment enrichment and community services. TPC has been undertaking corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities for decades. Tata Power Community Development Trust (TPCDT) is a CSR function deployment organization of TPC. With more and more power generation projects coming into existence, activities related to CSR have increased. TPCDT now required a set of policies and guidelines in order to have smooth governance and operational efficiency in terms of human resource management. Creating a well defined set of rules and policies in organizations manuals could help to avert problematic situations. Hence, the objective of this project is to frame a Human Resources (HR) Policy Manual for TPCDT. The project also aimed at studying various aspects of Human Resources in this organization, analyzing and incorporating HR Policies. Methodology for the project included examining the areas of operation of organization and assimilating information about its operational aspects. After gathering data, the policies that need be incorporated in Human Resource Manual of TPCDT were identified and an in-depth analysis of their applicability to the organization was carried out. The next step included study of various employee and labour related acts as a part of identification of compliance and necessary requirements. HR Manuals of similar organizations and trusts were also referred to understand overall content and flow of the HR Manual for TPCDT. Major observations were noticed in terms of organization structure and internal management systems. The whole structure of TPCDT was to be redesigned. Various grades and designations were identified in accordance with those of Tata Power Company Ltd. A whole new performance appraisal system was designed to suit the hierarchy of the organization. Further for smooth function within the organization an efficient grievance handling mechanism was also established. For all the above major observations certain policies and strategies were recommended by me. Majority of my proposals and recommendations were accepted viz. TPCDTs Organization Structure, Grades and Designations for TPCDT, Three Tier Performance Appraisal System, Looped Grievance Handling Mechanism, Recruitment Flowchart, Forms and Templates, etc. Various activities that were of assistance in formulating the HR Manual included literature review, discussions with HR personnel and higher management of the organization, organizational analysis of TPCDT, referring other organizations manual, academic study material and continuous guidance from company guide and faculty guide. Finally as an outcome of my summer internship project, an HR Manual has been drafted catering to the needs and requirements of TPCDT. This manual was accepted for implementation by the management of TPCDT. Introduction Tata Power Community Development Trust (TPCDT) is a registered trust under Bombay Public Trust Act-1950, dated 13th April, 2009, with its objects as relief of poor, advancement and propagation of education learning, for providing medical aid and relief and advancement of any object to general public utility without any profit. In the subsequent years after its registration, TPCDT started extending its area of operations with its objectives as follows: Relief of poor including the help from establishment and support of institutions, educational fund for the relief in poverty including relief of any distress Providing scholarships, prize and fellowships in any branch of science art or commerce, or in assisting students to study whether in India or aboard either by payment of lump sum or by payment of periodical sums or by giving interest free loans or at nominal interest Providing medical aid and relief, including for establishments, maintenance and support for hospitals, dispensaries, convalescent homes, rest-houses, recreation centers and institutions or funds for medical aid and relief for promotion of health and hygiene Providing aid to any charitable institutions Establishing, support, maintaining and for grant aid to goushalas and other institutions working for the protection and preservation of animals and birds. As the scope of operations increased, TPCDT required a set of policies and guidelines to have smooth governance and maintain its operational efficiency. In order to maintain quality of services rendered by TPCDT, it required hiring of personnel and various other personnel policies. There were some issues coming from various operational locations of TPCDT in context of organizations HR policies and guidelines. Issues like defining a link in between Tata Power and TPCDT in terms of management hierarchy were coming into picture. Other queries included: What can be the maximum permissible benefits and allowances can be granted for TPCDT employees? How the recruitment and selection policy will work? What will be the grievance handling procedure? What should be the procedure for performance appraisal? Solutions to such queries were required in form of written guidelines and policies clearly defining organizations human resource policies. For this vary purpose, TPCDT required an HR Manual to have all sets of policies and procedures compiled in a handbook format for smooth personnel management. Each employee should be able to use this manual as a guidebook when he or she needs to apply organization policy in a given situation. Every employee should feel free to consult this manual to assist in the interpretation of Human Resources policies. 1.1 About HR Manual: The Human Resources Policy Manual is Organizations Human Resources policies written into a usable guidebook for all employees. This manual not only outlines an organizations policy toward the various phases of the employer-employee relationship, but it also indicates how policy is to be administered. Consequently, each employee should be able to use this manual as a guidebook when he or she needs to apply organization policy in a given situation. Every employee should feel free to consult this manual to assist in the interpretation of Human Resources policies. Research and experience has shown that written policies promote consistency, continuity, and better understanding within an organization. When policies are put into writing in the form of a manual, they add a visual effect to their overall purpose. Moreover, written policies help management by eliminating the need for time-consuming and expensive memos, bulletins, and announcements. Written policies also aid supervisors and managers in consistently achieving fair and equitable interpretations of policy that require action on a regular, recurring basis. Moreover, fellow employees feel a deeper understanding of their role in the organization when they realize that policies are written and thereby uniformly administered. Employees feel more secure, confident, and more at one with the organization when policies are made clear for them. Policies promote a movement toward responsibility and accountability. Furthermore, the ever-present tendency to pass-the-buck is reduced to a great extent. Specifically speaking, this Policy Manual is designed to provide management with the following advantages. Understanding Written policy is one of the best antidotes in the Human Resources medicine chest for avoiding troubles an organizational grapevine may cause. Even though everything is subject to interpretation, the odds overwhelmingly favour the written word compared with the oral. Line of Authority Top management cannot make all the decisions that need to be made within the organizations community. Often at times they feel the need to because they are afraid to release that authority to subordinates. Naturally, it signifies that if top management felt that subordinates could make decisions like top management would, the reluctance would be reduced. The Policy Manual achieves this desired relationship. It thus results in a solid delineation of authority. Consistency Consistent application of organizations policies is constructive because it means employees will be treated equally. It prevents, to a great extent, the seepage of prejudice and bias in the decisions of supervision. The achievement of this one virtue takes a colossal step toward the maintenance of satisfactory employer-employee harmony. The need for a Policy Manual is very essential. In short, no organization is invulnerable to the fallacies of human nature. These written policies should increase understanding of organization-wide policy guidelines. Authority and Distribution- Every employee of organization has access to this Policy Manual in handbook format. This Policy Manual is up-to-date and contains the complete and accurate policies of organization as of the published date. Supplements to the Policy Manual- The policies, practices and guidelines in this Policy Manual will remain in effect until changes are considered necessary as a result of internal growth, competitive forces, or as a result of general economic conditions pertaining to higher education communities. However, any such change to be made on any Human Resources policy or practice will be made only after consideration is given to the mutual advantages, benefits, and responsibilities of such changes on supervisors or managers and on other employees of the organization. Management Rights- This manual describes general Human Resources policies and procedures for the organization. This manual should not be construed as, and does not constitute an offer of employment for any specific duration, nor is it intended to state any terms of employment. Organization reserves the right to change, modify, suspend, interpret or cancel its policies and practices at its sole discretion and without advance notice. This right extends to both published and unpublished policies. 1.2 Company Profile: Tata Power Company Limited Tata Power Company is a pioneer in the power sector has historically been committed to environment enrichment and community services. The company reaffirms commitment to the conservation of ecological systems and sustainable development through afforestation, water conservation, nurturing and developing of local species of flora and fauna in our areas of operation. As Indias largest private power utility, Tata Power has set the momentum of growth. In the quest to deliver sustainable energy, Tata Power is spreading its footprint nationwide, creating new benchmarks in operational efficiencies, investing in global resources and redefining paradigms. Tata Powers strength lies in fulfilling their commitments and their ability to manage well in the changing environment. Company takes pride in building lasting and trusting relationship with its customers along with a legacy of caring for communities in and around its areas of operations. Tata Power strives to lead the reform process for sustainable power with an aim to redefine the contours of Indian Power Sector. Tata Power Company and Tata Power Community Development Trust (TPCDT) TPC had undertaken the CSR activities for decades, reflecting the companys commitment towards sustainable energy generation without undue compromise to human and environmental development. These activities were undertaken as a voluntary initiative by the employees of TPC, and there was no separate CSR department. However, with large scale expansion, the need to have CSR as a separate entity was felt. The dilemma for the decision manager was whether to create a separate CSR department or continue with the existing set up. Other related issues needed to be addressed strategically as well as tactically to maintain a balance between shareholders interest and other stakeholders. Tata Power Companys CSR deployment bodies are: Project Description This project deals with preparing HR Manual for Tata Power Community Development Trust (TPCDT) and drafting various forms and templates for administrative purpose of TPCDT. 2.1 Methodology of Project Understanding Organization (Organizational Analysis) Identification of suitable policies for Tata Power Community Development Trust (TPCDT) Identification of related acts and regulatory framework Drafting HR Manual and designing forms and templates Review and feedbacks; incorporating corrections (if any) Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Areas of operations Existing organizational structure Existing work mechanisms Through management discussions, analysis of other HR Manuals, etc Concluding policies for manual Identification of regulatory framework and compliance in terms of identified HR policies To compile policies in HR Manual and designing relevant forms and templates To make necessary changes as suggested by management Step 1 Understanding Organization (Organizational Analysis): Organizational analysis aims to generate an understanding of the organizational structure and culture of the system the project is looking at. This can help in understanding the ease or difficulty with which new strategies can be adopted. Organizational analysis is about organizations and people. This covers issues of structure and formality. But it also encompasses issues of process and, in a very fundamental way, change. The subject matter can be very abstract, and is drawn from literatures concerned with organizations in general rather than any specific sector. It also covers underlying change and organizational dynamics, which are common, to a great degree, to all organizations whatever sector they occupy. The project was started by referring literature on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and operational activities of TPCDT. It comprised of data related to TPCDTs legal documents, field of operations and activities of TPCDT, about linkage between TPCDT and TPC, etc. The first and foremost task was to understand the organizational structure and its operational aspect. For this the TPCDTs Trust Deed was read by me in order to understand the purpose of incorporation of the trust. The next part included understanding the current organizational structure. Initially the structure of TPCDT was as follows: Some issues were identified in the existing organizational structure. These issues included: There were no clearly defined set of rules or regulations in terms of management, reporting and authority. A number of personnel from Tata Power were performing the roles of TPCDT personnel at some locations. There was no clear distinction as to differentiate the employment roles of the individual between TPCDT and TPC. In the absence of a HR Policy Manual, the management and decisions pressure was directed towards Head Office. Grades and designations were not defined. The link in between who is eligible for which designation from TPC to TPCDT was also missing. Guidelines for recruitment and other administrative procedures were also lacking to some extent. In order to understand the whole system properly, the current structure of company was examined again. On the basis of observations, a few organizational structures for TPCDT were proposed by me. The proposed structures were as follows: TPCDTs Organization Structure: Proposed Structure-1 TPCDTs Organization Structure: Proposed Structure-2 TPCDTs Organization Structure: Proposed Structure -3 TPCDTs Organization Structure: Proposed Structure-4 TPCDT CEO at Head Office (Support Departments: HR, Accounts, Operations, and Consultants.) Regional Head Assistant Regional Head Program Head Project Head Assistant Program Head Project Coordinator Assistant Project Coordinator Senior Field Worker Field Worker From the above proposed structures, the (proposed organizational structure -4) was finalized with some inputs from proposed structure 1, 2 and 3. The next important aspect in order to proceed towards framing policies and guidelines for TPCDT was Grades and Designations Structure. TPCDT required a clear structure in terms of designation on which a personnel is hired and also a framework for a TPC employee to join TPCDT and for which designation he is placed in TPCDT. After analyzing the organization and conducting necessary research, the following grades and designations table was proposed by me. The designations were identified in line with Tata Power Companys grades and designations. In the following a clear distinction is given between Tata Power Company and TPCDT. This also describes if a person moves from TPC to TPCDT, he will be placed on which designation. The table also highlights the linkage between Tata Powers employees and TPCDT employees Grade in TPCL Designations TPCL Designation TPCDT Grade in TPCDT Sub Grade/ Designation Sub Grades A General Manager CEO A/I Ãâà Ãâà B1 Deputy General Manager B2 Assistant General Manager C1 Chief Manager Chief Program Head B/II Regional Head B1/II A C2 Senior Manager Assistant Regional Head B2II B D1 Manager Program Head C/III Program Head C1/III A D2 Assistant Manager Project Head C2/III B Assistant Program Head C3/III C D3 Executive Project Coordinator D/IV Project Coordinator D1/IV A D4 Officer Assistant Project Coordinator D2/ IV B E1 Worker Field Worker E/V Senior Field Worker E1/V A Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà Ãâà Junior Field Worker E2/V B Note: This table was also accepted later on in grades and designation part. The grades were taken as I, II, III, IV and V. Step 2 Identification of suitable policies for Tata Power Community Development Trust (TPCDT) In this phase the key areas suitable for TPCDT were to be identified. Various discussions were made with Col Prakash Tewari (Retd) who is the Deputy General Manager of CSR and Rehabilitation Resettlement Department in Tata Power and Mr. Inam Mukkhadam who is accounts head for TPCDT. A few questions that came up in the early phases of the project were: What all will be the contents of the HR Manual that will be suitable with the area of operation of TPCDT? What can be the maximum permissible benefits and allowances can be granted considering the fact that TPCDT is a nonprofit organization? How to understand the working conditions of people in their work areas? How to distinguish between the working conditions of personnel among various areas of operations? In this phase of the project various secondary data sources were searched and data was collected. Most of the data was related to companies and profit making organizations. But as this organization is a nonprofit organization, financial freedom is limited as compared to a profit making entity. In the initial phase the following policies that could have been a part of manual were identified by me. A copy of the document first presented to management is attached in Attachment2. After a series of discussions and suggestions the content of HR Manual for TPCDT were finalized. The content comprised of the following: Introduction: It included a brief introduction and background of the organization. This is further continued by briefly describing organizations HR philosophy i.e. vision, mission, objectives and values of the organization and purpose of this HR manual. The literature for this part was identified from the trust deed of TPCDT and management guidelines. Employment: This consists of employment policy of TPCDT and policy of TPCDT to transfer or promote well performing and capable employees to fill vacancies so that employees are provided with opportunities to widen their exposure and further their career development within TPCDT. The next important aspect of employment block in a manual is describing the organization structure and hierarchy. Then is the categorization of employees and associates. It also describes the type and nature of employment in the organization. They were identified as the following in context with TPCDT: Probationer: An employee who has been hired for a permanent position and is put through a probation period Trainee: A person who is freshly qualified or new to the sector may be appointed Interns: Students undergoing practical training with the organization, as a part of their academic Curriculum for a period ranging from 1 to 6 months Fixed Term Employees: A person who has been hired on a Fixed Term Contract Employment based on an identified project, the duration of which may or may not last its specified tenure. Permanent Employee: A person who has successfully completed his/her probation period whose service has been confirmed in writing, by the Organization. Associates: These are experts from various fields having specialized knowledge and expertise Contract Staff: Employees belonging to contractors deployed in the Organizations premises by the Contractor Overseas Interns: Students from overseas universities who undertake practical training with the organizations. Recruitment and Selection End Job Analysis, Employee Qualification/ Specification Posting of Advertisement on Internet/ Newspaper, etc Confirmation Appointment, Induction, Training and Development Staffing: Tests/ Interviews Receiving and short listing of CVs Requirement at Location/Head Office CV s Selected Rejected No YesThis section was identified as one of the most important part of internal human resource management. In context of work areas and requirements a chart was proposed by me, which was finalized later with some minor adjustments in terminology for the purpose of recruitment and selection flowchart. The final chart is as follows: Following activities were of assistance in formulating this flowchart: Literature review Discussions with HR personnel and higher management of the organization Organizational analysis of TPCDT Code of conduct: This part of manual was designed on the lines of Tata Powers code of conduct. All Tata Group of Companies have their internal policy on code of conduct. In order to distinguish between Tata Power and TPCDT separate code of conduct was drafted in lines with Tata Code of Conduct which was having few elements from Tata Code of Conduct and other elements form the observations out of organizational analysis from Step 1 i.e. Organizational Analysis. Performance appraisal: The purpose of performance appraisal is for a supervisor and an employee to have a candid discussion about performance expectations and actual performance. The employees actual level of performance is compared to the expected level of performance using standards that were developed by the supervisor with input from the employee. The benefits to be gained from conducting performance appraisals include: Recognizing accomplishments Identifying newly acquired competencies Preparing employee development plans Planning improvement where deficiencies are found Goal-setting Communication between supervisors and employees A new performance appraisal system was identified for TPCDT. A new Three Tier Performance Appraisal System for TPCDT was suggested by me. In most of the Tata Group of Companies Performance Management System is followed. But after few discussions with higher management officials, it was accepted in the proposal phase itself. This system works as follows: The first phase will comprise of Self Performance Review. Employee will fill the form in 5 days of time. This has to be filled in by the candidate himself. He will be judging himself on parameters stating how the employee judges himself/herself. The employee should fill in the KRAs / Goals in the beginning of the year. HR dept will then provide employee a Subordinate Performance Appraisal Form. This form will deal with a critical evaluation of the employee by its other fellow employees or subordinates. This form is also on the same grounds measuring various parameters stating how employees subordinates judge him/her. The next and most vital part in the three phased appraisal system is IO-RO-SRO Performance Appraisal. This appraisal will have remarks from the immediate superior of the candidate who is known as IO and then it will be forwarded to the next superior RO of the candidate. Their remarks will be recorded in a form and along with all the three forms; the file is given to SRO for finalization of the result. (IO- Initiating Officer, RO- Reviewing Officer, SRO- Senior Reviewing Officer) [Note: An Initiating Officer (IO) is the immediate superior of an employee. A Reviewing Officer is the superior to Initiating Officer and a Senior Reviewing Officer (SRO) is the immediate superior to Reviewing Officer (RO)]. The evaluation aspect and flow will be as follows in all the performance appraisal forms with an exception to a final remark column in IO-RO-SRO Performance Appraisal Form by SRO Suppose there are 20 attributes on which self/subordinate/IO-RO have to give point out of five. Here five is the highest and one being the lowest. Based on the result employee will be rewarded. Based on this report, salary increments and/or shifting to next level or fresh contracts in the same/ higher grade are made. Promotion: For the purpose of promotion it was collectively decided by management to give on merit. It was decided that it can either be based on the report generated from Three Tier Performance Appraisal System or direct promotion from the Managing Trustee of the Organization. However, special consideration will be required for promotion over and above the post of Program Head. Promotion will be approved after approval from Managing Trustee. Salary payment: It was decided by management that the Managing Trustee of the trust must approve salary of all employees. Additionally, salaries above a threshold set by the Board of Trustees must be approved by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Trustees if required. It was decided that salary changes, including certain types of supplementary compensation and salary during a leave of absence, require the same authorization and review process. Employee recognition and awards: According to studies, employees work better if they are given incentives for good performance. People naturally love to be recognized so it is important that companies and organizations set up an awards giving system to keep its people inspired. In addition to my inputs in HR Manual for TPCDT, a new policy on having employee recognition and awards was proposed by me. This part of manual would define the procedures and guidelines related to Employee Recognition and Awards. This has also been accepted after a few discussions and awards like Karmyogi Award, Spot Awards, Best team Award, Best TPCDT Performer Award, and etc were introduced. Every individual will be evaluated by his/her Initiating Officer (IO) and Reviewing Officer (RO). This will be further reviewed by Senior Reviewing Officer (SRO). One of the differentiating fact about these awards is they are not single awards. As many competent employees can be nominated and given these awards. This decision was taken to increase team effort and motivate individuals. Job rotation: Job rotation is rotation from one function to another, in same location or different. Rotation is in the same function as well as different function but may be at various locations. It was collectively decided that the minimum period after which an employee may undergo job rotation should be 2yeras. Following activities were of assistance in determining the policy on job rotation: Management discussions Literature review Discussion with current employees of TPCDT Grievances redress mechanism: For any organization, a proper grievance handling mechanism is considered to be very important. For this purpose a new multi-loop grievances redress mechanism was proposed by me. It was designed considering the fact of small loops. Each loop is having a specific decision related to grievance handling outcome. This mechanism was also accepted by management as official grievance redress mechanism for TPCDT. This is in a flowchart structure and has different loops for different situations and grievance handling. Receipt of a Grievance in TPCDT (Within any department or area) Assessment of the Grievance by Grievance Officer (One at each location) Grievance sent to Head Office For review by (Chief Grievance Officer) Discussions within Board and Managing Trustee Grievance Resolved Sent to Chief Executive Officer Solution Sent to Origin Site Yes No Grievance Resolved Yes No Employment separation: This policy was drafted as per management directions. It included procedures related to job separation and types of job separation. The main focus while drafting this policy was on providing clear guidelines to employees about various policies, guidelines and formalities necessary at the time of job separation. Various types of job separation areas that were identified are as follows: Termination: Termination of employment is an inevitable part of personnel activity within any Organization. Resignation: An employee resignation policy is an organizations official instruction for initiating and processing the voluntary separation of an employee.Ãâà An organizations employee resignation policy officially compels staff to follow the procedures. Resignation procedures protect the employees rights and the organizations interest. Official forms confirm and document that the resignation adhered to policy. It was decided that an employee resignation may be submitted in writing to the Chairman/CEO 3 month prior to the final working date. Earned but un-used vacation time (pro-rated to the last day of employment) will be paid. Sick leaves left unused will not be paid. In order to have a smooth flow of instructions, a resignation process flowchart was proposed by me for TPCDT. The chart is as follows: Resignation Process Flowchart Initiating Officer Returns Resignation Letter to Officer Division inform HO regarding date of release Resignation Acceptance Letter Handed to Employee Approving Authority Approves Resignation END Reviewing Officer (RO) Returns Resignation to Officer Resignation Letter is handed back to Officer START Officer Submitting Resignation Letter Officer Reverses Decision Forward to HR at HO for further proceedings Reporting and Discussion with Initiating Officer Discussions Take Place Forward to CEO at HO for Further D Uhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17434182056665503402noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1214006211007467969.post-60485080092926940492020-01-20T00:32:00.001-08:002020-01-20T00:32:02.997-08:00Child Abuse and Neglect Essay -- Violence Against Childrenà à à à à Maltreatment of children is not a new phenomenon. It dates back far into history, even back to biblical times. During recent years child maltreatment has had an increase in the public's eye. There are many factors to child maltreatment. There are four general categories of child maltreatment now recognized. They are physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect and emotional maltreatment. Each category, in turn, covers a range of behavior. The maltreatment of children not only affects the children themselves, but also affects the family by making it dysfunctional. Physical Abuse à à à à à Physical abuse may be best defined as any non-accidental physical injury by a person who has care, custody, or control of a child. The definition contains two key aspects, the act is intentional or willful, and/or the act resulted in physical injury. Accidental does not qualify as child abuse. (Wallace,29) à à à à à Physical abused children do not fit any type of stereotype. Abuse occurs in all neighborhoods. Also, abusers come in all shapes, sizes, colors, and sexes. There are many signs of physical abuse. First the location and types of injuries, many time the parent or care takers will deny any wrong doing or the child has suffered any physical injury. There are always those injuries that consist of a normal childhood upbringing, such as falling of their bike or bumping their head. Then, there are those which they cannot be explained. When caretakers deny any injuries or have no knowledge of an injury, there is a very strong likely hood that physical abuse exists. Here are some of the signs of physical abuse. à à à à à Bruises happen for various of accidental reasons. There are also bruises that are tell tale signs of abuse. Bruises have a time clock that can tell when it happened. Also, the location of the bruise can tell a story. Bruises on the front part of the body are often signs of normal bruises from just falling ECT. Bruises found on the back of the arm, leg, lower back, the butt and genital are suspicious bruises and often questioned bruises. Patterned bruising is also a sign of abuse. Normal bruises are in various shapes and sizes. While some bruises that are a patterned show strong signs of abuse. These are bruises that have definite boundaries and sharp and curved edges. For example rope, rulers, hand prints and so on. (wallace,38) à ... ...e long run, parents that were neglected during their childhood often neglected their children. Also, the children that have psychological damage from maltreatment are more likely to indulge in suicide and self mutilation. Nonphysically abused children are more likely to have depression and hopelessness. Children with inappropriate sexual behavior, such as frequent and overt self stimulation are a direct constituency of sexual abuse. Non-sexually abused children later on in life also sometimes show sexual overtones. Sexually abused children may show high levels of dissociation, a process in a product a disturbance in normal integrative functions of memory and identity. Many abused children are able to self hypnotize themselves or space out. à à à à à It has been found that abuse as a child has affected their stages of life. Studies have found that abused children have lower intellectual functioning and reduced cognitive functioning. Others have found language skills and verbal ability to be affected by abuse. Also, studies have suggested that today's abused and neglected children are tomorrow's problem adult. We must all work to put and end to child abuse in America. Child Abuse and Neglect Essay -- Violence Against Children à à à à à Maltreatment of children is not a new phenomenon. It dates back far into history, even back to biblical times. During recent years child maltreatment has had an increase in the public's eye. There are many factors to child maltreatment. There are four general categories of child maltreatment now recognized. They are physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect and emotional maltreatment. Each category, in turn, covers a range of behavior. The maltreatment of children not only affects the children themselves, but also affects the family by making it dysfunctional. Physical Abuse à à à à à Physical abuse may be best defined as any non-accidental physical injury by a person who has care, custody, or control of a child. The definition contains two key aspects, the act is intentional or willful, and/or the act resulted in physical injury. Accidental does not qualify as child abuse. (Wallace,29) à à à à à Physical abused children do not fit any type of stereotype. Abuse occurs in all neighborhoods. Also, abusers come in all shapes, sizes, colors, and sexes. There are many signs of physical abuse. First the location and types of injuries, many time the parent or care takers will deny any wrong doing or the child has suffered any physical injury. There are always those injuries that consist of a normal childhood upbringing, such as falling of their bike or bumping their head. Then, there are those which they cannot be explained. When caretakers deny any injuries or have no knowledge of an injury, there is a very strong likely hood that physical abuse exists. Here are some of the signs of physical abuse. à à à à à Bruises happen for various of accidental reasons. There are also bruises that are tell tale signs of abuse. Bruises have a time clock that can tell when it happened. Also, the location of the bruise can tell a story. Bruises on the front part of the body are often signs of normal bruises from just falling ECT. Bruises found on the back of the arm, leg, lower back, the butt and genital are suspicious bruises and often questioned bruises. Patterned bruising is also a sign of abuse. Normal bruises are in various shapes and sizes. While some bruises that are a patterned show strong signs of abuse. These are bruises that have definite boundaries and sharp and curved edges. For example rope, rulers, hand prints and so on. (wallace,38) à ... ...e long run, parents that were neglected during their childhood often neglected their children. Also, the children that have psychological damage from maltreatment are more likely to indulge in suicide and self mutilation. Nonphysically abused children are more likely to have depression and hopelessness. Children with inappropriate sexual behavior, such as frequent and overt self stimulation are a direct constituency of sexual abuse. Non-sexually abused children later on in life also sometimes show sexual overtones. Sexually abused children may show high levels of dissociation, a process in a product a disturbance in normal integrative functions of memory and identity. Many abused children are able to self hypnotize themselves or space out. à à à à à It has been found that abuse as a child has affected their stages of life. Studies have found that abused children have lower intellectual functioning and reduced cognitive functioning. Others have found language skills and verbal ability to be affected by abuse. Also, studies have suggested that today's abused and neglected children are tomorrow's problem adult. We must all work to put and end to child abuse in America. Uhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17434182056665503402noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1214006211007467969.post-36468557612432745462020-01-11T20:53:00.001-08:002020-01-11T20:53:04.542-08:00A Dolls HouseYou have, perhaps, never heard a discussion or symposium on the subject, ââ¬Å"Men-their role in the society. The discussion is always about women. Men have, perhaps, no role!Men can as well do, some of the jobs normally done by women. Even today, the best chefs are men! The never-ending talk to give equal rights to women has been going on since time immemorial. But all the Acts of Parliaments all over the world will not bring equality to the female gender.he change has to be achieved within-both men and women! How can equal rights to women be given? God has created her, given her the status of more-equal. Nobody can take that right away.It is the mother, who gives protection during the initial nine months to the divine creative force of the future-male or female! A female child is victimized at every step of life, from the moment of birth, and she sacrifices at every stage. à Women need to be the legal and spiritual equals of men!The three Act play by Henrik Ibsen is dominated by the main character Nora. The Dollââ¬â¢s House is symbolicââ¬âhow Nora has been living within the specified rules applicable to housewife-submission, submission and more submission to the wishes of her husband! Before marriage, she submitted to her parents (mostly to the wishes of her father); now the place of submission is changed, but the procedure of male-dominance is the same-God bless her!With no scope to develop her own personality she is obliged to live under the ââ¬Ëprotectiveââ¬â¢ umbrella of her husband but not for long! Nora turns to be a dynamic rebel, gives up the structure that is considered sacred by the society and seeks the path of total transformation and rehabilitation of her own personality. What is marriage?Two distinct individuals, two separate personalities, born, bred and brought up in two different set of circumstance, try to come together from the day of marriage( if not courting earlier!) to find a common identity, a common goal and to be prec ise a common all! But soon the affected one finds out that idealism and the reality are poles apart!Why the scale of social justice tilts heavily against the womenfolk and their individual liberties are at a discount? Why one finds Nora in every family in one form or the other even during the 21st century? How long need the woman contain her suppressed emotions and move forwardà to establish her own identity?It is the same old story through the Agesââ¬âit is between Him and Her! The family is run as per the dictates of Torvald, though his commands are honey-tongued. An attitude of ââ¬ËI know everythingââ¬â¢ and ââ¬Ëyou know nothingââ¬â¢ is evident in his relationship with Nora.The sweet nothings he addresses to his wife like, ââ¬Å"Is my little lark twittering there?â⬠(Ibsen, 2007, p. 6) ââ¬Å"Is it my little squirrel bustling about?â⬠(p. 6) ââ¬Å"Has my little spendthrift been wasting money again?â⬠(p. 6) ââ¬Å"You extravagant little personâ⠬ ¦Ã¢â¬ (p.8) ââ¬Å"Hasnââ¬â¢t Miss Sweet-Tooth been breaking rules in town today?â⬠(p.10) are all indicators of his superiority complex. And Torvald very clearly issues his edict as for planning the family budget. He says, ââ¬Å"That is like a woman! But seriously, Nora you know what I think about that. No debt, no borrowing.There can be no freedom or beauty about a home life that depends on borrowing and debt. We two have kept bravely on the straight road so far, and we will go on the same way for the short time longer that there need be any struggle.â⬠(p.7) Ibsen has tackled several themes, mixed them very well, like a womanââ¬â¢s illusion in marriage, wealth, feminism, betrayal, etc.How A Dollââ¬â¢s House has been created within the house, how the woman functions inside the demarcated boundariesââ¬âsuch issues are dealt with intelligently. In the later part of the play Nora walks away from her family. Her undoing and the reason for falling from the à ¢â¬Ëgraceââ¬â¢ of her husband isââ¬â she forged a bank note to save her husbandââ¬â¢s life when no one else could. How she is compelled to tell a series of lies, and it looks as though such behavior is part of her personality. She does not feel guilty about it but for Torvald it is a major and fundamental issue.ââ¬Å"It is better to have the world united than the world divided; but it is better to have the world divided than the world destroyed,â⬠said Mr. Winston Churchill at the time of II World War. Similarly instead of destroying the family and the psyche of children, by endless misunderstandings, honorable separation is better!Amin Maalouf in his book, ââ¬Å"Leo the Africanâ⬠, describes a poignant situation of the woman in the medieval societyà thus: ââ¬Å"Gaudy Sarahà came to see meâ⬠¦to sell amulets, bracelets, perfumes made from lemon, ambergris, jasmine and water lilies, and to tell fortunesâ⬠¦.without lifting her eyes, she said these words, which I remember to this day.ââ¬ËFor us, the women of Granada, freedom is a deceitful form of bondage, and slavery a subtle from of freedom. Then saying no more, she took out a tiny greenish stopper bottle from her wicker basket.ââ¬ËTonight, you must pour three drops of this elixir in to a glass of orgeat syrup, and offer it to your husband with your own hand. He will come to you like a butterfly towards the light. Do it again after three nights, and again after seven.â⬠(Maalouf, 1994, p.6) For the sake of getting the attention of her husband, what abnormal steps the woman is compelled to take!Conclusion:Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen was born in 1828. The play was written in 1879. It was performed in London in 1889.Nearly thirteen decades after the play is written, the issues touched upon and discussed in the play are like the counseling sessions for the female gender, in todayââ¬â¢s materialistic civilization, highly impacted by the industrial and internet revolutions.Women have taken great strides and have already caught up with men in several important areas. This need not be construed as the race between the male and female gendersââ¬ârather it is the reality! Equality is the birthright of one and all. Uhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17434182056665503402noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1214006211007467969.post-59233680089621822152020-01-03T17:17:00.001-08:002020-01-03T17:17:03.832-08:00Modern Banking In Australian International Context Finance Essay - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1785 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Modern banking depends on the money supply. Money supply can be of two types. Assets that is ready to use for purchasing anything. This is also known as liquid assets. In second type all liquid assets and assets which are not in cash form but anytime can be converted into cash. It can be like market share or funds. Saving funds is also the example of second type of money supply. In this modern world the banking system is becoming modern in different ways. Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Modern Banking In Australian International Context Finance Essay" essay for you Create order The role of Modern banking in Australian International context: The Modern Banking starts with a survey of the conventional thought of keeping money. A bank is a Ãâà ¬Ãâà nancial Ãâà ¬Ãâà rm which offers advance and store features available, besides coddles the altering liquidity needs of its borrowers and investors. There are numerous different sorts of Ãâà ¬Ãâà nancial foundation, and certain banks offer different items and aids, yet it is the aforementioned two methods which are banks recognizing qualities and demonstrate why banks exist in up to date economies. The role of modern banking is to play a role of intermediaries between borrowers and investors. (Shelagh, 2005) Another role of modern banking is the structure of the bank and their payment system and transaction system. One topic of this part is that banks contrast from other Ãâà ¬Ãâà nancial Ãâà ¬Ãâà rms for the reason that they performing as go-betweens and furnish liquidity. Banks need a framework for handling the charges and credits rolling out from the aforementioned keeping money transactions. The installment framework is a result of intermediation, and aids the exchange of proprietorship claims in the Ãâà ¬Ãâà nancial sector. Credits and charges are exchanged between the related gatherings. Table 1 show that cash payments are very stable in the 20th century. To get of rid this risk modern banking helps a lot in transferring bulk amount online through banking channels. All over the world there more than 1018 million using internet banking, thus the internet banking increase the growth of the customers and it is an effective way of increasing the customer. (Lic htenstein Williamson, 2006) Table 1990 1995 2000 2003 Cash Payments 28023 26270 27910 25859 Cheques 3975 3203 2699 2251 ATM withdrawals 1045 1471 2027 2373 Number of ATM cards 47 55 73 88 Plastic Cards 1741 2413 3914 5317 BACs Clearing 1820** 2476 3527 4060 CHAPS clearing 9** 13 25 33 Cheque Credit 2513** 2314 1981 1660 ** 1992 figures Source: APACS (2003), Payments: Facts and Figures. Figure Source: EMI (2000) Blue Book Addendum BIS (2000) Payments System in the G10 Countries Annual Average Population divided by the Average Number of ATM Cash machines (1995-1999) Credit worthiness of national bank of Abu Dhabi: The national bank of Abu Dhabi is in the top 50 safest bank of the world. Since 2009 the national bank of Abu Dhabi receiving this award (National Bank of Abu Dhabi, n.d.). To measure the credit worthiness of bank its ability to give loan and its long term investment is check. As national bank of Abu Dhabi was the first bank to introduce financial institutions in the Middle East. (Shelagh, 2005). To check the credit worthiness of National Bank of Abu Dhabi, investing the long term planning for that few warning signs must be review as compared to other banks in UAE. Interest Rates and Credit Limit: Higher interest rate thus cause decrease in credit worthiness of the bank, National bank of Abu Dhabi has very low interest rate as compared to other bank in UAE. They offer different rates even 0% for starting any plan. More over the credit limit is 75% and repayment is up to 24 months (National Bank of Abu Dhabi, n.d.).Other bank Figure : Deposit and Loan Market Share Of Top Ten Domestic/Foreign Banks (2003) Figure 2 show the deposit and loan market share. NBAD is with high rate of people depositing and loan market share in the market. (Global Investment House KSCC, 2007) Limitations and Withdrawals: In UAE the limitation on withdrawals and transfers of cheque and funds are increasing due to security check. Every bank is moved on automated system of cheque processing. Companies and distinctive clients are presently encouraged to secure the vital supports in a split second before drafting cheques, as the time-slack between cheque presentation and settlement could be decreased to hours in place of days. Manually it is expensive process. It includes mailing time, handling of receipt and clearing time. The limitations are like scan image of the cheque and on withdrawal cheque signature can be also automatically checked. (Cash Trade , 2012) Irregular, Delayed Incomplete Bank Statements: Irregular delayed or incomplete bank statement affects the credit worthiness of the bank. NBAD has very good repute in this manner. Efficient staff manages all the statements properly and sent them to desire customer on time. Bank Personnel: CRO (Customer Relation officer) are the bank personnel to visit the different companies and organizations to present the national bank of Abu Dhabi. NBAD has changes an little in its personnel to achieve their target goals. Suspicious ownership or takeover issues: Credit worthiness is key role of every bank. Securities also play a vital role in banks. To give loans bank must ensure the ownership. Few issues regarding wrong ownership and takeover is also arising due to threat in the bank market. Ãâà Suggestions: Another warning step to check the credit worthiness is donors are not reliable. For this the advice from the financial institutions helps a lot. Modern Cheque Clearing System New developments in Banking Technology: Modern technique of cheque clearing is image cheque clearing system (ICCS). Dubai central bank has implemented this system. It provides a lot of benefits to both banks and customers. It reduces the time. As per the past framework, the mid banks delegates conveyed the cheques physically to the settlement section, where delegates from all banks settle the cheques manually, a long and overwhelming undertaking. Throughout the starting operation of the framework, cheques will clear inside a most extreme of 36 hours. This time could be logically decreased over the nearing months. The framework is equipped for clearing cheques in four hours, the bank stated in an explanation. Undertakings to present the ICCS were launched numerous years prior, however the Central Bank was challenging jumps as the UAE courts did not recognize pictures of records. (Gulf News, 2008) M-banking is the new development in the banking technology. NBAD has also provide an opportunity on Arrow service, it allows customers to transfer payment in any bank in India at lower than federal bank. (AMEinfo, 2012) Risk: Capital and Insolvency Risk. Capital skill has its importance. It can absorb the unexpected lose and safe the report in financial sheets. It protects the insurance funds and other stakeholders. It can also purchase the real investment to provide financial services. (Shelagh, 2005).The bank ascertains capital ampleness degree (CAR) as per UAE Central Bank whats more Basel Accord. The least CAR prerequisite according to UAE Central Bank is 10% (Tier 1) Capital need to be 11% from June 2009 according to Central Bank directives) and according to Base 1 Accord is 8%. The Bank came to be completely agreeable with Basel II guidelines by the finish of 2007. According to UAE Central Bank guidelines, the banks capital sufficiency proportion was 13.71% (Tier 1) -11.81% at the finish of 2008, down from 16.16% (Tier 1) 13.30% in 2007. According to Base l II structure, the banks capital sufficiency proportion was 15.39% (Tier 1) -12.64% at the finish of 2008, down from 16.46% (Tier 1) 13.31% in 2007. Figure NBAD Interest Rate Risk: Unexpected changes in interest rate can cause loss. It greatly affects the profitability of the bank and equity. It can be happen when asset and liabilities are not evaluated at the same time. Banks are specifically target the net interest income or shareholder equity. Asset and liability management committee is monitoring the interest rate risk. (Shelagh, 2005). The aggregate working pay of NBAD arrived at AED 1,224.0 (mn) in 1Q-2009, very nearly unchanged from the comparing period in the past year. Net engage earnings arrived at AED 1,096.7 (mn) in 1 Q-2009 i.e. altogether up 41.2% from AED 776.9 (mn) in the past year. The change in net engage edge throughout the period has donated fundamentally to the development in net engage earnings. Figure The declining premium rate situation throughout the first quarter of the year worked energetic about the bank bringing about higher net premium edge. Apart on a Q of Q successive groundwork, the net investment edge has declined in Q 1-2009 as contrasted with Q 4-2008. This is in light of the fact that yields on holdings having begun responding to the decrease in investment rates. We want net engage edge to decrease in the impending quarters. Market Risk: Market risk is creating due to change in market conditions. It can be measure for short period. It can be measure in term on dollar or any benchmark. Both tables show the valuation of the market risk value. (Alexander et al., 2010) Table Table Credit Risk: Individual Loan Risk Credit Risk on individual loan is the return on loan. It includes the elements like interest payment, risk premium, fees. It can be measure with the help of formula (Joel, 2011) Return = inflow/Outflow. k = (f+ (BR+M)/ (1-{b (1-R]) k= Return on Loan f= the loan starting fees BR= the base compounding rate M=the credit premium R=Fed reserve B= pay off balance Credit Risk: Loan Portfolio and Concentration Risk Credit portfolio of the bank expanded by 96.9% on yearly basis. Successively, net advance book expanded from AED 19.7 billion in second Q 2006 to AED 22.3 billion in third Q 2006, a development of 13.4%. Year-to-date, net advances enlisted solid development of 64.3%. (Anaam, 2007) Off-Balance-Sheet Risk: The off balance sheet risk of NBAD is increased at 9.2% for the period of 2002-05 (Anaam, 2007)Factor which are convertible mainly depend on off balance sheet activities. Foreign Exchange Risk: Foreign Exchange risk is the risk occurs due to losses from the changes in the exchange rate. These changes cause decrease in revenues. All the value of the assets and liabilities also changes which are purchase in foreign currency. Hedging is the way to secure from risk. It accommodates both rates. (Joel, 2011) Sovereign Risk: The sovereign risk channel ampliÃâà ¬Ãâà es the transmission of stuns to total interest, unless money related arrangement devises a workable plan to oÃâà ¬Ã ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¬set the spillover from sovereign default hazard to private financing costs. OÃâà ¬Ã ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¬setting higher sovereign hazard premier would commonly need cuts in the arrangement rate. (Giancarlo et al., 2012) Ãâà Technology and Other Operational Risks: Technological or operational risk arises from the information or reporting system or internal risks. Any risk direct or indirect cause failure to any internal process. External events can also this risk. (Joel, 2011) Liquidity Risk: Liquidity risk depends on liquid assets like treasury bills or bond. Other asset also suffer if price decline. Liquidity risk doesnt matter in in active market. Like market is stable and volume of sale is normal. It can affect in inactive market in which the volume is low. Bank liquidity depends on interbank lending and borrowing (Joel, 2011) Uhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17434182056665503402noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1214006211007467969.post-91473414805225152002019-12-26T13:44:00.001-08:002019-12-26T13:44:03.375-08:00The Founding Of The First Laboratory By Wilhelm Wundt Essay The founding of the first laboratory by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879 began the fascination for psychological research. Psychology had not yet became a science until Wundt realized that human activities can be examined through careful observations, manipulations, descriptions, and control aimed at measuring/ predicting behavior. Early on psychology was about the study of behavior and mental processes. Today, psychology ranges from neural messages to cultural influences. Wundt adopted protocols from physiology and physics to guide his research because there were no designated guidelines in psychological research yet. The beginning of the 17th century Sir Francis Bacon brought attention that science should not rely on assumptions instead, it should start with the collection of facts. His stance lead scientists like John Locke and Thomas Reid to promote the fundamental principles of science such as empiricism and rationalism. Empiricism produces factual information while rationalism involves the development and elaboration of ideas. In 1881 Dr. Joseph Breuer was able to operate as a scientists and practitioner. However, today s society it is common for an individual to act as a scientist or practitioner. Both areas produce the findings and techniques that comprise the psychology field in today. Scientists in psychology aim to discover the ways of human beings and describe people in general, this task is described as a nomothesis. In contrast, practitioners commonly study aShow MoreRelatedWas Psychology Really Founded in 1879 or Was It in Existence Before Then?1387 Words à |à 6 PagesWas psychology really founded in 1879? Or was it in existence before that specific time? Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) officially opened an institution and laboratory for Psychology, in Leipzig, Germany. Many students were also taught here on experimental psychology. Wundt was touted as a great lecturer, and some of those taught, emulated Wundts work and made a significant contribution to psychology; for example Edward Titchner (1867-1927), who introduced structuralism to the United States ofRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychology And New Schools1057 Words à |à 5 Pagesthe years there have been various significant developments in psychology, and new schools have developed which try to fill the gaps of previous approaches and offer a new perspective. The timeline could be traced from Structuralism (Wundt, 1879), which was the first school of thought. It proposed breaking down of mental processes into its most fundamental components in trying to understand a person s mind. Then came functionalism (James,1902). Functionalists weren t concerned with mental processesRead MoreWundt And Miller s Theory Of Psychology2009 Words à |à 9 Pagesthe course of its beginnings. There were numerous contributors to the fieldââ¬âthe founders of psychology. This paper will focus on two of these founders: Wilhelm Wundt, the first to develop psychology as a formal discipline, and George A. Miller, the creator of cognitive psychology. This paper will compare and contrast the lives and works of Wundt and Miller. These psychology founders shared some similarities such as demonstrating expertise in other fields in addition to their work in psychologyRead MoreJames Mckeen Cattell Contributions to Psychology1740 Words à |à 7 PagesJohns Hopkins University. Returning to Leipzig in the fall of 1883, he earned his doctoral degree in experimental psychology under Wilhelm Wundt in 1886, with a dissertation that examined reaction times for various simple mental processes (Sokal, 1981). After completing his doctorate, Cattell spent two years at Cambridge University, where he f ounded Englands first laboratory in experimental psychology. While at Cambridge, Cattell married Josephine Owen, who became a lifelong partner in his research andRead MoreSnapshot1702 Words à |à 7 PagesBehaviorism Behaviorism arose partly due to the popularity of laboratory-based animal experimentation and partly in reaction to Freudian psychodynamics, which was difficult to test empirically because, among other reasons, it tended to rely on case studies and clinical experience, and dealt largely with intra-psychic phenomena that were difficult to quantify or to define operationally. Moreover, in contrast with early psychologists Wilhelm Wundt and William James, who studied the mind via introspectionRead MoreWhy Psychology Is Important For Mental Health Professionals2300 Words à |à 10 Pageshistorical contributions to psychology and brain research, will allow future psychologists to make more meaningful contributions to the field. Influences of Wundt, Herbart, Fechner, Ebbinghause and Kulpe The birth of psychology took place at the beginning of the 19th century and five of the founding fathers can be credited with its growth. The first of which, Johann Herbart, was born in 1776. Herbart can be credited with giving psychology ââ¬Å"statusâ⬠(Goodwin, 2015). It was Herbart who established psychologyRead MoreThe Philosophical Roots Of Psychology Essay2901 Words à |à 12 Pagespsychology did not become a separate field of study until the late 1800s with Wilhelm Wundt. Psychology as a Science Wilhelm Wundt is who helped make psychology a science and is known as the father of experimental psychology. Wundt started an academic journal named Philosophische Studien and he began doing research on sensation and perception. Wundt deduced that introspection was the solution to analyze psychology. Wundt and his students deduced that the correlation in between sense experience andRead MoreThe History Of Psychology By Benjamin s Mainstream Narrative, Lecture Notes, And Other Readings From Class2287 Words à |à 10 Pageslife and the history of psychology and how they relate. We see a similar theme in both stories of the changing viewpoint of worldview and in the end hope that they will both become fully visible. The history of psychology began in 1636 with the founding of Harvard College as a Puritan University. Institutions like Harvard had a huge influence on the world and most of these institutions were filled with Protestant Preachers. It was a time where they were very open about their beliefs, mainly ChristianityRead MoreHow Psychology Has Developed Over The Centuries1773 Words à |à 8 Pages concluding with the conclusion. Psychology has developed from philosophy, science, medicine and theology (King 2015). Back between 664-554BC in Egypt the temple ââ¬â university Ipet Isut in Karnak existed, where Thales (physicists) was one of the first to go and got introduced to the Kemetic mystery system (Clark, 2011). Many of the early Greeks philosophers/scholars studied in Egypt and bought their knowledge back to Greece (Clark, 2011). The other Greeks that contributed to psychology were AlcmaeonRead MoreEssay Mind and Body2624 Words à |à 11 Pagesback to the Greeks, it is due to the influential work of Renà © Descartes, (written around the 1630ââ¬â¢s) that we owe the first systematic account of the mind/body relationship. When Descartes friend and frequent correspondent, Marin Mersenne, wrote to him of Galileos fate at the hands of the Inquisition, Descartes immediately suppressed his own treatise. As a result, the worlds first extended essay on physiological psychology was published only well after its authors death. In this essay, he proposed Uhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17434182056665503402noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1214006211007467969.post-83502803193466777252019-12-18T09:33:00.001-08:002019-12-18T09:33:02.650-08:00Building A Change Manager Within This Health Care Facility On February 13, 2017, I had the pleasure do a brief interview Ms. Stephanie Hayes, of the Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs Health Care Center in regards to her role as being a Change Manager within this health care facility. Assessing and Accepting Change I asked, Ms. Hayes what was her most challenging change that she has managed while working as the Office Manager for the Directorââ¬â¢s Office. Her biggest challenge that she has encountered was office acceptance in being hired as a manager over people who had been working for that department for years. A lot of people do not handle change very well and tend to not like the new person bringing change. Of course, there will be some difficult decision that one may need advice on, butâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦To her, change failure would be where there is a flaw in the process working toward the change or task that has been given. She shared an incident that would work in a hospital setting does have its downfalls meaning that there tends to be gossip. Her job is to ensure that the privacy of individuals is respected despite the workplace setting. Also, to ensure that all employees are aware of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPA) and how important it is to keep the privacy of a person health. Change Leadership Ms. Hayes has learned since moving to her new position the best way to lead change is to be the change. With that said, she has noticed that people cannot change something until they first change themselves. The impact of change is not always clear, especially in a hospital environment. It is her believe that continuing to enforce change and to practice it. The resistance from employees and managers is normal and can be addressed. Persistent resistance, however, can threaten a project. The change management team needs to identify understand and help their leaders manage resistance throughout the organization. Resistance manage is the process and tools used by managers and executives with the support of the changeShow MoreRelatedSues s Health Services Delivery And Ways Improving Provider Skills815 Words à |à 4 Pagessues in health services delivery and ways in improving provider skills I. INTRO This paper is intended for healthcare employees and their managers who are intrigued in improving and bettering the quality of the health care system they use everyday by fostering changes in this process while in the process of patient care and employees performance. It should be of assistance in the idea of ways how to promote change and how to overcome obstacles to positive change. In a time and era of fiscal constraintsRead MoreThe Role Of Budgeting Within A Clinic Essay1243 Words à |à 5 Pages Budgeting Within a Clinic Jimi Bryen Southwestern Oklahoma State University Introduction There are many healthcare facilities throughout Oklahoma that provide excellent patient care. Many of these facilities are in areas of greater population, but there are some fantastic facilities that are dedicated to smaller and rural areas of Oklahoma. One specific facility that is located in the heart of Oklahoma offers a clinic that is a combination of talented physician assistants who areRead More5 Pââ¬â¢S Of Health Care Marketing Forlong Term Acute Care1014 Words à |à 5 Pages5 Pââ¬â¢s of Health Care Marketing for Long Term Acute Care Facilities Three health care organizations that are of interest to me are the following LTAC facilities within the Greater Atlanta Area. 1. Dekalb Medical LTAC 2. Wellstar Health System LTAC 3. Landmark Hospital of Athens LTAC DeKalb Medical Center LTAC is a non-profit organization that offers long term acute care. They have 76 beds in their facility. Wellstar Health System LTAC is also a non-profit health organization that offersRead MoreAnalysis of Power and Politics Within Healthcare831 Words à |à 4 PagesAnalysis of Power and Politics within Healthcare Organizations Dolores Metoyer Ashford University Analysis of Power and Politics within Healthcare Organizations Power and politics are natural in every type of organizations. Organizational performances hinges on the political makeup of the organization, and the people that holds the power within the organization. (www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/ndu/strat) Influence is usually exerted through the use of this power and is usually associatedRead MoreThree Health Care Organizations That Are Of Interest To1009 Words à |à 5 PagesThree health care organizations that are of interest to me are the following LTAC facilities within the Greater Atlanta Area. 1. Dekalb Medical LTAC 2. Wellstar Health System LTAC 3. Landmark Hospital of Athens LTAC DeKalb Medical Center LTAC is a non-profit organization that offers long term acute care. They have 76 beds in their facility. Wellstar Health System LTAC is also a non-profit health organization that offers long term acute care. They have 115 beds in their facility. LastlyRead MoreEssay on Variance Analysis858 Words à |à 4 PagesVariance Analysis A manager of a variable hospital department has many responsibilities. The manager is accountable for budgeting and to protect profits. The financial manager is responsible for guarding overspending and generating profits. They are active in the budgeting process throughout the fiscal year. The budget department manager communicates with other managers, and accounting departments concerning budget issues, financing, and concerns in the organizations departments. Sometimes situationsRead MoreThe Healthcare System And Samaritan Health System1469 Words à |à 6 PagesIntroduction Banner Health is considered one of the nations largest secular, non-profit health care organization operating 29 acute care facilities in seven western states (Kash, 2016). It is known and recognized nationally. It unites with Lutheran Health System and Samaritan Health System which started in 1991 with the mission of making differences in people s lives such as rendering perfect patient care. This exellent mission of health care earned them good standing that help theRead MoreEssay On Outsourcing852 Words à |à 4 Pageswellbeing facility overall efficiency and enhancing first-rate of offerings (Zhiarfar et al., 2017). Healthcare organizations adopt outsourcing answers for the same explanations as in other sectors: looking out performance, satisfactory, and profitability features. Nonetheless, in healthcare items, outsourcing is a part of quantity bendy systems to comply expertise (chiefly in bigger businesses together with instructional scientific facilities) seeking to reply to demand flotations, care this is anRead MoreThe Role Of Leadership And Management On The Healthcare And Social Environment1645 Words à |à 7 Pagesleaders have utilized several styles for leading employees. The environment of health care has made an amazing progress in identifying the future values and factors which are necessary for making certain changes to attain noticeable and significant advancements crosswise a several services. The styles of Leadership and Management must effectively use to carry out clear changes and for attaining particular actions. This makes an important real improvement in the healthcare and social environment. ItRead MoreChange and Culture Case Study1433 Words à |à 6 PagesChange and Culture Case Study I Darlinda Smith HCS/514 October 15, 2012 Steve Kovak, MHA Change and Culture Case Study I During the past decade the hospital industry has made profound organizational changes, including the extensive consolidation of hospital system through merger and the formation hospital systems (Evans amp; Gertler, 2012). The rules of health care are changing. Growth is not about just getting bigger. It is about developing all of the components needed for coordinated Uhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17434182056665503402noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1214006211007467969.post-81292642757144466852019-12-10T06:15:00.001-08:002019-12-10T06:15:03.630-08:00Steps to and through sexinte Essay Example For Students Steps to and through sexinte Essay Steps To and Through SexSex. A three letter word that contains about 3000 intonations, thoughts, worries, and considerations. There are many considerations and discussions to be made when having a sexual relationship with a partner. The main ingredient of a successful and satisfying sexual relationship is good communication (Andresen, Weinhold 1981). Communication means, literally, the experience of community or unity (Lear 1997). It is contact and it is connection. You must establish a high quality of connections with yourself and your partner in order to experience unity through sex (Gordon 1980). If you dont establish the rules of the relationship, negotiate condom use, and talk about what will happen if the female gets pregnant, or if one of you has contracted an STD, the people in the relationship are neither mature enough nor ready to go to the next step and become sexually active with one another. There are two types of sexual relationships. There is the casual sex relationship and the committed sex relationship (Cootie ; Schaeffer 1998). Casual sex usually happens when a person goes to a bar and goes home with someone they have just met that night. There is no talk of whether they are going to use a condom, whether or not someone has a sexually transmitted disease, or what will happen if the female gets pregnant. Chances are, phone numbers or last names will not even be exchanged. This type of sexual relationship is extremely dangerous and not smart at all. One night stands are an extremely common occurrence, although it is sad to say. It is this type of behavior that leads to the spread of AIDS, herpes, and other diseases(Lear 1997). The other type of relationship involving sexual activity is the type where two people have been in a committed relationship before they engage in sexual activity. In a romantic relationship, a couple may date for as much as a year before sexual activity occurs (Lear 1997). In most cases, the couple has established a trust for one another, and knows each others sexual history. The relationship is usually monogamous, with them dating only one another. Things, such as the rules of the relationship, how sex may effect the relationship, and what will happen if pregnancy occurs are discussed before the act takes place (Henley Thorne 1975). This is the responsible way to handle a sexual relationship. People in a relationship should be both comfortable enough and serious enough with each other to be able to discuss such an important topic. A major question that comes up in a relationship is What if the female gets pregnant?A couple should be stable enough in their relationship to be able to handle an unwanted pregnancy. Whether they decide to make the relationship more involved by getting married, or whether they are going to even have the child. In a casual relationship, the female does not have the luxury of discussing what to do with her partner; she is basically on her own either to raise the child in a single parent household or to abort the fetus. That is a huge weight to have on two sets of shoulders, much less one. At least in a romantic relationship, there are two people to handle the accidents and deal with it accordingly. A sexual relationship is an important thing. It is not something to be taken lightly. Having sex is a major step to take in a relationship. A couple should be both physically and emotionally able to have a sex. Sex should not be just sex, but it should be making love. There should be not only physical but emotional ties in a relationship before making love enters the picture. .u6b8b0a5a8e70768f9e73ed08c3311ea6 , .u6b8b0a5a8e70768f9e73ed08c3311ea6 .postImageUrl , .u6b8b0a5a8e70768f9e73ed08c3311ea6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6b8b0a5a8e70768f9e73ed08c3311ea6 , .u6b8b0a5a8e70768f9e73ed08c3311ea6:hover , .u6b8b0a5a8e70768f9e73ed08c3311ea6:visited , .u6b8b0a5a8e70768f9e73ed08c3311ea6:active { border:0!important; } .u6b8b0a5a8e70768f9e73ed08c3311ea6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6b8b0a5a8e70768f9e73ed08c3311ea6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6b8b0a5a8e70768f9e73ed08c3311ea6:active , .u6b8b0a5a8e70768f9e73ed08c3311ea6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6b8b0a5a8e70768f9e73ed08c3311ea6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6b8b0a5a8e70768f9e73ed08c3311ea6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6b8b0a5a8e70768f9e73ed08c3311ea6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6b8b0a5a8e70768f9e73ed08c3311ea6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6b8b0a5a8e70768f9e73ed08c3311ea6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6b8b0a5a8e70768f9e73ed08c3311ea6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6b8b0a5a8e70768f9e73ed08c3311ea6 .u6b8b0a5a8e70768f9e73ed08c3311ea6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6b8b0a5a8e70768f9e73ed08c3311ea6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Heart Of Darkness (3810 words) EssayI was raised to believe that sexual relations were not simply sex, but lovemaking. To this day, I believe that is how it should be. Instilled at an early age, I learned that my body is something to be cherished, not thrown around as though I am not proud of it and myself. In keeping with the values my parents, mainly my mother, taught me, I waited until I found the right person to make love with for the first time. Before my girlfriend and I actually began having a sexual relationship, we discussed many things such what she would want to do if she were to become pregnant. That question was very important to me because I am a devout catholic. The issue of condoms never even came up because we both knew that they were an understood must. Neither of us wants to be parents at this point in our lives. It makes me wonder about the state that our society is in when I think of how many people in this world have unprotected sex every day. In males ages 25 to 44, AIDS is the leading cause of death, according to Professor Herbert, an Adolescent Psychology teacher here at Hofstra. The majority of this massive spread is due to both homosexual and heterosexual sex without protection. Different people have different views on what sexual activity means to them. I myself, will only do it if I am in love with the person, and she with me. I have to know that I am in a monogamous relationship, and that I can trust my girlfriend. Most of all, I have to know that I can be able to talk to her about anything in the world, not just sex. I interviewed many of my peers about what they think about sex and how it should be between two people. The things I learned were basically as I expected. Most of the girls I interviewed felt that sex should be making love, with someone you love. Many said that they would not even have sex without a commitment and those three magic words; I Love You. That would be the answer that I would expect from most females. However, about seventy-five percent of the girls who said that they wouldnt have sex without love have had sex without the commitment or the emotional ties. They now regret doing that and, if given the choice, would take back ever having sex with anyone. There are other girls I interviewed that said that sex, without love, is not a problem for them. They feel that as long as they get what they want, it does not matter. (I know realize that I should have sold this list to the guys I interviewed.) Not that this view of sex is wrong, but it is simply not what I agree with. On the other side of the spectrum, there are men. The men I interviewed gave me the exact answer that I thought they would give. They told me that when they made love, it was much more satisfying than a simple one-night stand or talking to a girl for a few days and then sleeping with her. It left them feeling both physically and emotionally complete. But they did not have to be in love to have sex, and they would be more than willing to have sex with someone that they did not have true feelings for. For some, one-night stands were not a problem. The stereotype about men is that they have two heads and they only think with one. It is not usually the one with the cranium. I know that it does not pertain to all because I am friend with a lot of guys who have a very mature view of sex. I just hope the guys are careful and that they take precautions to protect both themselves and their partners.Having a sexual relationship with someone is not something to be taken lightly. There are so ma ny risks, complications, and things that have to be discussed before one should ever take place. Communication is the key to a solid relationship. Without the discussion of the major issues that come with a sexual relationship, the relationship has two strikes against it before it even gets up to bat. As we learned in class, communication is the key. Nothing, not even sex or making love can beat a good conversation. Uhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17434182056665503402noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1214006211007467969.post-73789385367063031922019-12-02T17:56:00.001-08:002019-12-02T17:56:04.322-08:00The Right to Abortion Arguments and counter arguments have been fronted with such fierceness and eloquence for and against abortion from different quarters of the social and spiritual divide. Abortion, an age-old phenomenon is defined as a premature termination of the unborn. Far and wide, arguments have been presented in various forms that span the general to specific issues.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Right to Abortion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is a controversial topic that spans the social, moral, medical, and legal fields. The hostility against abortion affords counter arguments that justify its legality. Therefore, abortion is the right of every woman to decide when it should occur. Despite the controversy surrounding a specific and working definition of when life begins, it is well worth noting that life begins a few weeks to birth. Before conception, the fetus entirely depends on the mother and any circumstan ces besides abortion may lead to its termination. In addition to that, the growing embryo is not a fully developed functional human being therefore the argument that life begins at conception is preposterous and purely religious. That notwithstanding, the interest of the family and the mother are of paramount importance in this debate. A mother should not be compelled to painfully bring up a child for eighteen years without due preparation and the social and psychological consequences faced by the unprepared mother. Some of the strong reasons presented by proponents of abortion include circumstances such as rape, mistaken pregnancies due to the failure of contraceptives, the threat to a motherââ¬â¢s life if she continues with a pregnancy, a deformed and disabled foetus, and work place career advancements. On the other hand opponents of abortion argue that life begins at conception and terminating the foetusââ¬â¢ life amounts to a crime against humanity. They assert that term inating the life of a foetus at conception or during pregnancy amounts to killing a human being and lay emphasis on the foetus as a human being with all the fundamental rights of a person. They argue that it is the killing of an innocent defenseless person in society when carrying out an abortion. They further assert that life is a God given gift and no one is entitled to terminate it under any circumstances. Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition to that, opponents of abortion argue that human beings are supposed to show commitment to life of any form. They should be caring for the frail and weak in society and that spans the unborn fetus. They further affirm that happiness to life does not consist of money alone, but a complete and responsible life. Abortion is seen as a sin against the unborn as enshrined in the fifth Decalogue of the Ten Commandments in the religious eye. Desp ite the arguments and counter arguments surrounding the issue on abortion, the age-old phenomenon is the legitimate right of the affected woman to decide to terminate it or continue with it. The life of the mother is far more important than the unborn foetus and everything should be done to preserve it. The right of the mother is entirely justified. This essay on The Right to Abortion was written and submitted by user Yesenia H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Uhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17434182056665503402noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1214006211007467969.post-8539937007864502922019-11-27T05:39:00.001-08:002019-11-27T05:39:03.793-08:00cuckoos nest essayscuckoos nest essays The "system" is something that people are always out to change. You see people trying to change it all the time, but few are actually successful at changing the system. The system can be a variety of things. In some cases it is the government, it can be the a boss or basically anything or anyone that has some type of control or authority. For some people fighting the system is their livelihood, their mission in life. They try to change the system because of the corruption, because of unjust actions, because they were a victim of it or to seek the truth. In the novels One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest by Ken Kesey and Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, the main characters are out to change the system. Based on the novel by Ken Kesey, it seems that his perspective on this issue is that the system is in dire need of change. Even if you are not successful in changing the system, it is still very effective that you tried and you set an example for others to follow. Kesey also seems to believe that persistence is key when fighting the system. Kesey believes that even if you change a small aspect of the system it was well worth the fight. One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, the main character, Randle Patrick McMurphy, fights to change the system in a mental hospital. McMurphy is outgoing, a leader and a rebel. There was a constant power struggle in the novel between the patient's new found savior McMurphy, and the evil Nurse Ratched who rules their wing of the hospital with an iron fist. McMurphy fights to change the system to try to win back the patients' rights and in the process gain more privileges for the patients and himself. McMurphy also seems to get pleasure out of fighting the system. His motives are simple, he wants to help out his fellow patients, his friends, to make their lives better. McMurphy was successful in changing many of the rules and regulations that were imposed upon the... Uhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17434182056665503402noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1214006211007467969.post-61250165032468463472019-11-23T13:13:00.001-08:002019-11-23T13:13:03.358-08:00Community Development Strategies In Irish Society Social Work Essay EssaysCommunity Development Strategies In Irish Society Social Work Essay Essays Community Development Strategies In Irish Society Social Work Essay Essay Community Development Strategies In Irish Society Social Work Essay Essay There are many descriptions of community and community development and of its functions and maps within societies across the Earth. For this assignment, the focal point will be placed on Irish society and the functions and maps of communities and community development schemes every bit good as the people who are involved the procedure. The assignment will foremost convey about a on the job definition of community and so place the people who are associated to these communities. From at that place, the thought of community development will be analysed for its relevancy and importance to these communities to see why community development is needed and precisely what is required to originate community development schemes. Along with this, the constructs of authorization, sustainability and devolving duty will be brought to the bow in order to foreground the many different facets of community development. The sphere in which people get their most cardinal and most significant experiences outside the confines of the place community, therefore is where 1 learns and continues to pattern how to be societal . ( Cohen 1985, cited in Hardcastle et Al. p 5 ) . This was sociologist Stanley Cohen s decision when he had attempted to specify community after many other celebrated and universe renowned sociologists had spent old ages coming up with legion definitions. So from here it is evident that a definition of community is non easy to specify, however there are similarities when specifying community. The term community is widely used for certain geographical vicinities such as the Ballyfermot community , Tallaght community or the Fox stone community . By depicting these communities by their location on a map does really small to show the true significance of community nor does it account for the diverse demands, factors and issues involved in a community. Community as a geographical constr uct is limited to little more than a population of people and the vicinity they live in. A community of involvement on the other manus, such as the homosexual community, going community or any other communities of involvement are non bound by boundary lines or topographic points of abode and they tend to portion a specific involvement other than the vicinity of which they are a occupant. The differentiation between communities as location and communities of involvement is summed up by Coulshed and Orme ( 1999, pp 209-210 ) Community as vicinity, sometimes called community of abode, where topographic point is both synonymous with community and influences those who live in the community. The person is expected to portion things in common with others populating in the same geographical country, and is expected to experience some trueness to that country and its inhabitantsaÃâ à ¦ Community of involvement or functional communities exist because persons will besides hold a figure of relationships with people and establishments outside a limited geographical country. They might portion a common involvement based on leisure or work, and these webs of relationships might widen even beyond national boundaries. Examples of the differentiations between thoughts of communities can be seen every twenty-four hours now with the birth of the cyberspace. Although the cyberspace was created as a tool for military communicating within the walls of a specific location for the U.S. ground forces it has since become one of the largest and most effectual community builders on the planet. With the outgrowth of the World Wide Web, societal webs over recent old ages and the of all time increasing handiness of information along with the easiness of entree to the engineering, on-line communities have grown in stature and present feasible grounds of shared involvement communities with or without geographical boundaries such as an office, edifice, administration or even same clip zone or continent. In an Irish context it is really easy to see how the communities that have been affected by deluging hold pulled together around many of the rural countries of Ireland, these people, in many cases are populating sta t mis off from each other and however they have assembled together to contend the devastation of the inundations. This illustration of a community and this crisis development of a community could be said to embrace the true significance of community. Community development: Merely as there are many definitions for community there are many definitions for community development. ( Ross 1967, cited in Hardcastle et Al. pp 3-4 ) explains the procedure of community development- A procedure by which a community identifies its demands or aims, orders these demands or aims, develops the assurance or will to work at these demands or aims, finds the resources ( internal and/or external ) to cover with these demands or aims, takes action in regard to them, and in so making extends and develops concerted and collaborative attitudes and patterns in the community. Either manner, when explicating the demand for development or how it is carried out there is normally small difference in attacks or applications, it appears that the chief differences between development undertakings are based on what precisely they are seeking to accomplish and why they need to originate development. Community development and the demand for it by and large originate when a community is enduring negatively. There are many ways in which a community can endure negatively. It can be affected by economic alterations such as the recent cuts in the budget. It can be affected by high offense rates, low educational attainment, poorness, negative media coverage every bit good as the prioritisation of substructure as to which is more of import, a bookmakers and saloon or creche and station office. When these societal jobs emerge in communities there are really frequently effects and those effects come in the signifier of societal exclusion and marginalization. When specifying societal exclusion it is easy to indicate out captives, nuts, stateless people and those who appear to hold really small money when using the term socially excluded to a individual, However, the complexness of the term societal exclusion is illustrated by Agulnik and Hills ( 2002 p 62 ) Social exclusion is unambiguously more than poorness, but doubtless poorness is a precursor, marker or constituent of societal exclusion. Equally, societal exclusion goes beyond other economic variables, such as employment position or occupational classaÃâ à ¦ Clearly, deficiency of interaction, benefit dependence, lone parentage, populating in a sink estate and holding mental or physical wellness jobs are besides precursors, markers or constituents of societal exclusion. These constituents of societal exclusion along with the already declining fiscal state of affairs in countries of developmental demand will further force members of these communities out to the really edges of society. This is where the term marginalisation comes from and it is this job that is really frequently the accelerator for development undertakings in communities. Originating community development: When originating a developmental undertaking within a community there are frequently many barriers to being successful. Many communities have been promised so much and been given so small over the old ages that now they have developed a mood of fatalism . This temper of fatalism can attest because of the feeling of being left buttocks, a feeling that has been experienced by the communities that were promised the regeneration programmes such as St. Michaels Estate, Dominic street flats and ODevaney Gardens, all in Dublin. The temper of fatalism can besides be perpetuated by the deficiency of audience towards communities and their occupants and this can go forth the community dismayed and demoing distrust towards local governments including the council, the Garda and sometimes even community development professionals that are brought into the country. Tempers of fatalism, misgiving of authorization, deficiency of audience with members of the community by governments and societal exclusion are merely some of the obstructions for the successful execution of community development. There are tonss more obstructions to postulate with and tonss more processs to be considered when trying to originate a community development undertaking as summed up in a statement by the Community Development Foundation UK- Community development is a skilled procedure and portion of its attack is the belief that communities can non be helped unless they themselves agree to this process.A Community development has to look both ways: non merely at how the community is working at the grass roots, but besides at how antiphonal key establishments are to the demands of local communities. ( www.maori.com ) Task 2 ) The function of the community development worker and the part to the procedure of community action: Specifying the undertaking and set uping purposes and aims: When get downing up an enterprise it is of import to set up a program and set together accomplishable ends and marks. One manner of making this is for the worker to first see the country and make some research on it. This would be experimental research and would affect taking a expression around the country, paying close attending to the precedence of such things as a creche, a chemist, a convenience shop, a resort area, an activity tribunal ( tarmac association football pitch/basketball tribunal ) , a school, coach Michigans and a wellness Centre incorporating a physicians surgery, tooth doctor and babe nurse. In an ideal universe all communities should hold these comfortss at the really least, nevertheless, it is the deficiency of these comfortss along with seeable images of impairment and anti societal behavior through the presence of broken bottles, graffito, untrimmed leafy vegetables, scorched spots in the surrounding leafy vegetables and lounging teens on corner-house walls th at create the demand for community development in that country. The following measure would so be to acquire in touch with the local governments to happen out more about the demographics of the country. These governments should include foremost the Garda, to acquire an thought of offense and their general attitude towards the locals. Second, the local employment service to acquire an thought of unemployment and the committedness to looking for work from the locals, besides this gives the worker a opportunity to measure the installations for preparation chances for locals as it is hoped they will acquire involved when the development undertaking gets underway. Third, the local young person Centre if there is one in the country, this will give the worker an thought of the general committedness to development in the whole country. It would be hoped that the workers at that place would hold good cognition of the country and the locals along with a foundation of trust already built at that place. They would besides be able to allow the worker know of the size and trouble of the undertaking in front and on the positive side, may besides acquire involved in the undertaking. One other under taking could be speaking to locals, nevertheless the worker would hold to be cognizant that they could sometimes confront ill will and at the really least they could be having a colored sentiment of the country. Networking: As discussed earlier, there are some jobs to screen out by the community development worker before they can implement any alterations. When jobs have been identified in a community and an attempt is being made to alter them there are some thoughts that are built-in in leting the procedure of alteration to get down. One of these thoughts is the pattern of networking, otherwise known as contact devising. Twelvetrees ( 1991, p 16 ) describes contact doing as our staff of life and butter . He states- To acquire anything done we need to construct an confederation with other people. But besides the comparatively few people with whom we will hold an confederation to accomplish a peculiar aim, we need the support and good will of every bit many other people as possible . Some may reason that support and good will for the community and community workers has deteriorated in recent old ages because of the Celtic tiger and the rise of fight that came with that period of clip. Now nevertheless, literally every newspaper and every intelligence headline is focused on support in the signifier of the work stoppages and Marches for public sector workers and the Canal Communities Partnerships and besides focused on good will by the images of local builders and builder s suppliers prosecuting in attempts to stem the inundations in rural countries. Partnerships and coaction: When the marks have been identified and some contacts have been established it is now clip to convey these interdisciplinary bureaus together. Of class, non every bureau will be enthusiastic at first, nevertheless it is hoped that when some betterments are made they will come around and go involved in the procedure. The really hereafter of a community may rest on the coaction of bureaus because of the resources required and the support that will be needed to travel frontward with the development program in the hereafter. Harmonizing to Rigg and McGarty ( 2009, p 211 ) It is progressively recognised that service demands, societal issues and social jobs can non be resolved by individual bureaus or single professions entirely . So before sing inquiring an bureau for money, usage of their premises or any other resources it is of import to do a nexus with them. While working in an interdisciplinary environment there are tonss of positives to bask although it must be managed good and eve ryone must cognize their function to avoid wateriness, ineffectualness and struggle. It is at this point that certain differentiations are made in relation to the vision of the development undertaking and the undertaking worker. Contrary to many beliefs, good leading does non needfully intend good direction, harmonizing to Huczynski and Buchanan ( 2001, cited in Share and Lalor p 223 ) Those who make a clear differentiation portray the leader as person who develops visions and drives new enterprises, and the director as person who monitors advancement towards new aims to accomplish order and dependability . Equally good as these struggles in political orientation the one thing that is first and foremost among the undertaking is the demands of the members of the chosen community. Inter-professional competition is another construct that can sometimes crawl into the proviso of service, examples of this are really evident in communities today when associating to mental wellness and the trust that the medical profession topographic points in community attention. Harmoni zing to Owens ( 2007, p 49 ) Medical laterality remains the norm and there has been a reluctance to let non-medical squad members to lend to the amplification of comprehensive attention programmes . These are merely some of the many jobs confronting the development worker, the squads and the forces that will go involved in the development undertaking. It is when faced with these troubles that the rules of sustainability, devolving power and empowerment demand to be intelligently implemented by all involved, particularly the community development worker. Authorization: Authorization is one of those footings that can be thrown around rather lightly and can really turn into enablement and have an inauspicious affect ensuing in dependence on a service or service supplier. Authorization is based on certain rules and the old Chinese adage is the footing for an account of authorization, Catch a adult male a fish and you feed him for a twenty-four hours, learn a adult male to angle and you feed him for life . There are a figure of ways to see empowerment depending on the context ; Dubois and Miley ( 2002, cited in Chenoweth and McAuliffe 2005 P 37 ) describe empowerment- Empowerment is a collaborative procedure between practicians and those with whom they work. It is based on the place that people are inherently competent and capable given the right resources and chances. An empowerment attack requires that clients are able to alter and specify their ain ends and the agencies to accomplish them . Of class, this is merely the beginning in footings of authorization. Empowering people in today s economic clime can be really hard as the mentality for those involved in community undertakings along with those analyzing to go community workers is looking much bleaker than it did a twosome of old ages ago. However, this current state of affairs is seen as a procedure of authorization as people join together to do their voice heard to those at the really top who have the concluding say over budgets and policy. Harmonizing to Dubois and Miley ( 2002, cited in Chenoweth and McAuliffe. 2005 p 37 ) Empowerment is the procedure by which persons, groups and communities increase their personal, interpersonal and political power in order to better their state of affairss . Meaning that communities should ever hold a voice of at the degree of policy, policy devising, the Dail and at grass roots degree besides. Chenoweth and McAuliffe ( 2005 p 37 ) convey this idea- Empowerment is besides st rongly related to societal justness and to the democratic ideal of citizens doing determinations about their lives . Devolving duty: The degeneration of duty in footings of community and development is when the development worker begins to manus down the power or portion the power around. It would non be in the true spirit of authorization to maintain control of power over all resources or enterprises that have been put into action. One of the most pertinent illustrations of degeneration is in Northern Ireland. Some old ages ago the British authorities gave issues such as patroling over to the northern assembly. This of class was non merely given over to people who had no experience of policing, political relations or the development of policy and that is the same as devolving power to the locals in a community scene. The degeneration in the north took clip and tonss of readying to do certain it would travel harmonizing to program. It took much interagency work from both sides of the boundary line every bit good as tonss of input from local community groups before and after the degeneration began and this is where the degeneration in community work is really similar. The locals, through the empowerment procedure will hold got involved in the community and the development procedure, and will hold learned how to move in certain functions and perchance had some preparation in the functions within the community. At this point the development worker can get down to step off and let the community to run as a unit themselves. Besides the degeneration procedure requires trust from many of the political bureaus that control much of the budgets and resources that are required by the community development worker and the community around them. Harmonizing to Blears ( 2008 ) With the right support, counsel and advice, community groups and administrations have a immense, mostly latent, capacity for self authorities and ego administration. This should be the trademark of the modern province: devolved, decentralised, with power diffused throughout our society . Sustainability: As discussed, the authorization of a community and the premise of duty for themselves are of import characteristics of any community and of import maps that the development worker must transport out. Further to this there is another highly of import map, sustainability. Sustainability, it could be said is without uncertainty the individual most of import thought when it comes to community work although it is a much argued construct. Harmonizing to Mckeown ( 2002 ) Peoples around the universe recognize that current economic development tendencies are non sustainable and that public consciousness, instruction, and preparation are cardinal to traveling society toward sustainability. Beyond that, there is small understanding. People argue about the significance of sustainable development and whether or non it is come-at-able. The inquiry of achievability prevarications in the custodies of the development worker and the community. If the undermentioned thoughts are put to utilize by the worker so there is a opportunity of achieving and keeping sustainability. Without sustainability there will be a impairment of everything that has been built and that in bend, will necessarily allow the community and the ambiance of the community go backwards and change by reversal all the processs and difficult work that has been expressed earlier in this treatment. In order to prolong a undertaking the development worker must guarantee they maintain the locals motivated, this can be done through enterprises such as honorary awards, local media undertakings such as newssheets and newspapers. Tallaght, Ballyfermot and Northside have the Echo , a newspaper that promotes their community every bit good as maintaining them up to day of the month with the current personal businesss of the vicinity. This besides serves to use the locals, hence raising their profiles at community degree and ego esteem at an single degree. The worker must besides assist the community and its locals to go on to travel frontward, this can be done through regular meetings, constitut ion of occupants associations, vicinity tickers and monitoring and reviewing of the undertaking consequently. Possibly the biggest barriers to sustainability will come in the country of support and resourcing. Support and resources recently are really hard to acquire because of peoples deficiency of free clip in which they can function their communities, however this is where the development worker and those involved need to be advanced and originative. There are tonss of voluntary bureaus out at that place and this is where the community could tackle some resources where it would be free or come for a really little fee. An illustration of this type of apparatus is the recognition brotherhoods. The recognition brotherhoods have been runing on a unpaid footing for many old ages now and have been a immense success. Some of the employees involved in the exchequer receive a fee which is normally a per centum of what can be afforded ; this is besides because of the clip they dedicate to the brotherhood. Another manner of go oning to maintain the community motivated, traveling frontward and resourced is to come in the community in such events as the tidy town s competition. There are a few competitions around for communities to come in and they sometimes carry a hard currency award to assist with support. This competition type of attack besides instils a victorious outlook into a community hence giving them something to contend for and be proud and in bend, the opportunities of prolonging the community undertaking are greatly increased. Decision Having foremost looked at some of the definitions of community and so analyzing the procedures involved in the puting up of a community development undertaking it is just to reason that community development and the induction of such is non an easy undertaking. This has been compounded by the farther treatment into the function of the community development worker where the maps and duties were examined. From the scrutiny of the worker it can be concluded that the work is highly hard because of the committedness needed every bit good as the pattern of rules that need to be implemented. These rules of authorization, devolving duty and sustainability are easy to throw around as words ; nevertheless, it has become evident throughout the treatment that there is more to these rules than utilizing them as fancy rhetoric. They need to be implemented because of the restraints of fundss and resources every bit good as the minimum clip that some community members can offer up. With all this inf ormation it can be concluded that community development is enormously complex. With the current crisis in the economic system it is set to go more complex and will necessitate the rules of authorization, degeneration of duty and sustainability to be enforced as realistic precedences and non as portion of some political discourse to delight the multitudes. If this can be achieved so community undertakings can be kept alive. Uhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17434182056665503402noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1214006211007467969.post-71417423349547363502019-11-21T05:03:00.001-08:002019-11-21T05:03:16.103-08:00Free trade or protectionism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 wordsFree trade or protectionism - Essay Example With the current world moving more and more towards capitalism, even the so called socialist countries like China have adopted free trade practices in recent times. However, no system is perfect and has its own pitfalls. Thus, protectionist measures have to be taken to balance the threats posed by negative fallouts of free trade. It is analogous to an institution encouraging creativity and enterprise by delegating authority and responsibility but ensuring accountability as well through certain disciplinary arrangements. Thus there is a need to identify a current world trading system that is the most appropriate and find a balanced view from the ongoing debate between Free trade and protectionism. As a means to achieve peace and prosperity in the world, the concept of free trade has been the most internationally discussed and acted upon topic and area of research. The topic is relevant not just academically, but economically and politically as well. Both views to and for free trade have found some or the other form of hypothetical or empirical basis. Besides being intellectually stimulating, the topic finds itself high in relevance in international as well as domestic affairs. Thus there exists sufficient, academic, moral and ethical motivation to pursue research on the topic. To find sufficient basis for the relevance of the ongoing nature of the debate between free trade and protectionism based on the hypotheses that debate between free trade and protectionism is essentially of an ongoing nature and will continue to be so, since the world socio-economic and political arrangements are becoming increasingly dynamic and keep changing at an increasingly faster pace. To examine the relationship between various international and domestic factors that shape up the direction in which the free trade policy of a nation or group of nations moves, based on the premise that in order to understand the nature Uhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17434182056665503402noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1214006211007467969.post-12138977088975905932019-11-20T00:58:00.001-08:002019-11-20T00:58:04.079-08:00The Impact of the Peace Pact between Palestine and Israel Research PaperThe Impact of the Peace Pact between Palestine and Israel - Research Paper Example Moreover, Hamas in the eyes of Israel is the perpetrator of violence on Israelites (Gilbert 84). à 3. Israelites feel that Palestinians should refrain from terrorism because it adversely affects the chances of a successful peace pact between Israel and Palestine. In essence, it makes Israelites mistrust Palestinians regarding their willingness to strike a peace pact and implement it. à 1. The Palestinians believe that their course against Israel is an act of claiming what is rightfully Palestinianââ¬â¢s. In other words, the destruction of Israel is part of reclaiming their land which was grabbed by Israelites. à A. The peace agreement between Israel and Palestine will improve the security of both sides of the conflict. In relation to this, there are various benefits that are dependent on the peace pact. For instance, the peace pact could lead to a decrease in military inventions from both sides. However, for a decrease in a military intervention to become a reality, there are various conditions inclusive in the peace pact process that ought to be. Uhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17434182056665503402noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1214006211007467969.post-24742044992927029732019-11-17T13:29:00.001-08:002019-11-17T13:29:08.742-08:00Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay Example for Free Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a set of physical and mental birth defects that can result when a woman drinks alcohol during her pregnancy. When a pregnant woman drinks alcohol, such as beer, wine, or mixed drinks, so does her baby. Alcohol passes through the placenta right into the developing baby. The baby may suffer lifelong damage as a result. FAS is characterized by brain damage, facial deformities, and growth deficits. Heart, liver, and kidney defects also are common, as well as vision and hearing problems. Individuals with FAS have difficulties with learning, attention, memory, and problem solving. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) is an umbrella term describing the range of effects that can occur in an individual whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy. These effects may include physical, mental, behavioral, and/or learning disabilities with possible lifelong implications. The term FASD is not intended for use as a clinical diagnosis. FASD covers other terms such as: Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) the only diagnosis given by doctors. Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) reserved for individuals with functional or cognitive impairments linked to prenatal alcohol exposure, including decreased head size at birth, structural brain abnormalities, and a pattern of behavioral and mental abnormalities Alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD) describes the physical defects linked to prenatal alcohol exposure, including heart, skeletal, kidney, ear, and eye malformations Fetal alcohol effects (FAE) a term that has been popularly used to describe alcohol-exposed individuals whose condition does not meet the full criteria for an FAS diagnosis What are the Statistics and Facts about FAS and FASD? FASD is the leading known preventable cause of mental retardation and birth defects. FASD affects 1 in 100 live births or as many as 40,000 infants each year. An individual with fetal alcohol syndrome can incur a lifetime health cost of over $800,000. In 2003, fetal alcohol syndrome cost the United States $5. 4 billiondirect costs were $3. 9 billion, while indirect costs added another $1. 5 billion. Children do not outgrow FASD. The physical and behavioral problems can last for a lifetime. FAS and FASD are found in all racial and socio-economic groups. FAS and FASD are not genetic disorders. Women with FAS or affected by FASD have healthy babies if they do not drink alcohol during their pregnancy. Can I drink alcohol when I am pregnant? No. Do not drink alcohol when you are pregnant. When you drink alcohol, such as beer, wine, or mixed drinks, so does your baby. Alcohol is a substance known to be harmful to human development. When it reaches the blood supply of the baby, it can cause permanent defects to the major organs and central nervous system. Is there any kind of alcohol that is safe to drink during pregnancy? No. Drinking any kind of alcohol can hurt your baby. Alcoholic drinks can include beer, wine, liquor, wine coolers, or mixed drinks. What if I am pregnant and have been drinking? If you drank alcohol before you knew you were pregnant, stop drinking now. Anytime a pregnant woman stops drinking, she decreases the risk of harm to the baby. If you are trying to get pregnant, do not drink alcohol. You may not know you are pregnant right away. What if I drank during my last pregnancy and my baby was fine? Every pregnancy is different. Drinking alcohol may hurt one baby more than another. You could have one child that is born healthy and another child that is born with problems. What if a friend, partner, spouse or family member is drinking while pregnant? Many women are unaware of the consequences of drinking during pregnancy. Some women believe wine or beer is not alcohol. In many cases, she may be suffering from alcoholism. She may need to know what effects alcohol can have on the baby. She also may need help getting into treatment. In such cases, you should contact a treatment professional at a local addiction center for advice on how to help. http://www. nofas. org/faqs. aspx? id=5 Copyright 2001-2004 National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome An individuals place, and success, in society is almost entirely determined by neurological functioning. A neurologically injured child is unable to meet the expectations of parents, family, peers, school, career and can endure a lifetime of failures. The largest cause of neurological damage in children is prenatal exposure to alcohol. These children grow up to become adults. Often the neurological damage goes undiagnosed, but not unpunished. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE), Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (pFAS), Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorders (ARND), Static Encephalopathy (alcohol exposed) (SE) and Alcohol Related Birth Defects (ARBD) are all names for a spectrum of disorders caused when a pregnant woman consumes alcohol. There are strategies that can work to help the child with an FASD compensate for some difficulties. Early and intensive intervention and tutoring can do wonders, but the need for a supportive structure is permanent. Studies on addiction in Ontario have shown about a 10 12% alcohol addiction rate among adults, with another 20% drinking to a level that places them at high risk. Legally intoxicated is defined as a Blood Alcohol Level of . 08%. A 100 lb (45 kg) female consuming 5 standard drinks (A drink equals a 12 oz. regular beer, 1 oz. shot of 100 proof liquor, 1. 5 oz. shot of 80 proof liquor, or 4 oz. glass of regular table wine) will reach a BAL of . 25% three times the legal limit. BAL reduces . 01% per hour. The Statistics Canada, Canadian Community Health Survey, 2000/01 found that: 6. 8% of girls ages 12 to 14 19. 8% of girls age 12 to 19 26. 0% ages 20 to 24 19. 9% ages 20 to 34 consumed 5 or more drinks on each occasion 12 or more times per year. An additional: 32. 2% ages 15 to 34 13. 8% of girls ages 12 to 14 consumed 5 or more drinks on each occasion 1 to 11 times per year. Copyright à © 2005 Journals and Procedural Research Branch Office of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Most girls are 2 to 3 months pregnant before they find out. Given the prime childbearing age range, the odds are very high that about 20% of babies have been exposed to multiple binges in high levels of alcohol in the first trimester, before the girl even knew she was pregnant. It is Party Hearty Time. The vast majority of these girls are NOT alcoholics. About 50% of pregnancies are unplanned. If you are drinking, stay out of the backseat as well as the drivers seat! Maternal prenatal alcohol consumption even at low levels is adversely related to child behavior. The effect was observed at average exposure levels as low as 1 drink per week. The Canadian Centre for Childrens Research at McMaster University Hospitals (Hamilton Ontario) states that 20% of Canadian children have serious mental health issues. Typical of school boards in Canada, a major southwestern Ontario School Board (urban / rural mix) with 28,000 Elementary and Secondary School students, has 6,000 students receiving services from the Special Education Department. Of the 6,000, only 250 are classified as Gifted with the balance having significant disabilities (20. 6%). While not all the individuals with disabilities are identified as the disabilities having been caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol, the vast majority of the disabilities are of types known to be caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. FASD is so grossly under-reported that the FAS statistics are almost meaningless. There are very few doctors who have received any training in diagnosing FASD and most prefer to use non-judgmental diagnoses such as ADD, ADHD, LD, MR, RAD, ODD, Bi-Polar, Tourettes, etc.. These diagnoses dont imply the mother has done something that could have affected her baby during pregnancy. However, they can also lead to inappropriate treatment and a lifetime of pain. Failure to identify the real source can lead to more children being born with the same issues to the same mothers and the cycle continuing into the next generation FASD children having FASD babies. Alcohol, hormones, a twitch in the kilt, poor impulse control and inability to predict consequences are a deadly combination. Accidents cause people. FASD is not a threshold condition. It is a continuum ranging from mild intellectual and behavioural issues to the extreme that often leads to profound disabilities or premature death. Denial is not just a river in Egypt. Alcohol as a Teratogen on the Baby ? http://www. acbr. com/fas/. Problem: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a pattern of mental and physical defects which develops in some unborn babies when the mother drinks too much alcohol during pregnancy. A baby born with FAS may be seriously handicapped and require a lifetime of special care. Some babies with alcohol-related birth defects, including smaller body size, lower birth weight, and other impairments, do not have all of the classic FAS symptoms. These symptoms are sometimes referred to as Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE). Researchers do not all agree on the precise distinctions between FAS and FAE cases. Cause of the Problem: Alcohol in a pregnant womans bloodstream circulates to the fetus by crossing the placenta. There, the alcohol interferes with the ability of the fetus to receive sufficient oxygen and nourishment for normal cell development in the brain and other body organs. Possible FAS Symptoms: Growth deficiencies: small body size and weight, slower than normal development and failure to catch up. The fact sheets below were developed by many different authors. In some cases, the fact sheets were placed on the web by a different organization than the one that wrote the document. However, all of the fact sheets are in the public domain to encourage wide distribution. You are free to copy and use these fact sheets. The following list of abbreviations was used to indicate the source of the document in the links provided on this page. Many of the sites listed contain additional information beyond the fact sheets that are listed on this page. We encourage you to explore each site. http://www. well. com/user/woa/fsfas. htm RSmith:02-15-94 MISSOURI DEPARTMENT OF MENTAL HEALTH Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse 1706 East Elm; P. O. Box 687 Jefferson City, Missouri 65102 The following Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) are caused by drinking alcohol during pregnancy: FAS: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Symptoms include small head/body, facial characteristics, brain damage FAE: Fetal Alcohol Effects Symptoms usually not visible, such as behavior disorders, attention deficits ARBD: Alcohol Related Birth Defects. Anomalies such as heart defects, sight/hearing problems, joint anomalies, etc. ARND: Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorders Disorders such as attention deficits, behavior disorders, obsessive/compulsive disorder, etc. FASD: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders All of the disorders named above are contained in the spectrum. Full FAS comprises only about 10% of the spectrum. The other 90% may have fewer physical symptoms but are at greater risk for developing serious secondary conditions later. (Streissguth, 1997) FAS is the leading cause of mental retardation in western civilization. But Most persons with FAS have an IQ in the normal range. (Streissguth, 1997). The incidence of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in America is 1. 9 cases per 1,000 births (1/500). Incidence of babies with disabilities resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure: 1/100! FAS/FAE is a major health issue in western civilization today. More American babies are born with FAS than with Down Syndrome, MD, and HIV combined. Alcohol causes more neurological damage to the developing baby than any other substance. Lecture Summary Fetal alcohol syndrome is among the most common known causes of mental retardation and as such, it is a major public health problem. The purpose of this lecture is to provide a basic overview of what we know about the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure. It is certainly not meant to be comprehensive but rather to give a broad overview of current knowledge in the area, and of ongoing human and animal research in the area. Heavy prenatal alcohol exposure can result in the fetal alcohol syndrome and both changes in brain structure and behavior have been reported in these children. Importantly, current data indicate that individuals exposed to heavy doses of alcohol in utero, but without the facial characteristics of FAS, can also suffer from similar brain and behavioral changes. Animal models have proven to be an excellent research tool in this field, as there appears to be good concordance between the animal and human data. The animal models provide a means to examine mechanisms of alcohol damage, to control for factors not possible in most human studies, and to help answer important clinical questions. Fetal alcohol effects are preventable, and every child born with a defect related to prenatal alcohol exposure indicates a failure of the health care system. Lecturer Dr. Ed Riley http://rsoa. org/lectures/07/index. html Background Fetal alcohol syndrome is among the most common known causes of mental retardation and as such, it is a major public health problem. The purpose of this lecture is to provide a basic overview of what we know about the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure. It is certainly not meant to be comprehensive. For more detailed overview, the following references might be helpful. It is important to remember that as the mother consumes alcohol and her blood alcohol level rises, that alcohol is freely crossing the placenta and the embryo or fetus is being exposed to the same blood alcohol levels. References Stratton, K. , Howe, C. , Battaglia, F. (1996). Fetal alcohol syndrome: Diagnosis, epidemiology, prevention, and treatment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Streissguth, A. P. (1997). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A Guide for Families and Communities. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. Background Fetal alcohol syndrome is among the most common known causes of mental retardation and as such, it is a major public health problem. The purpose of this lecture is to provide a basic overview of what we know about the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure. It is certainly not meant to be comprehensive. For more detailed overview, the following references might be helpful. It is important to remember that as the mother consumes alcohol and her blood alcohol level rises, that alcohol is freely crossing the placenta and the embryo or fetus is being exposed to the same blood alcohol levels. References Stratton, K. , Howe, C. , Battaglia, F. (1996). Fetal alcohol syndrome: Diagnosis, epidemiology, prevention, and treatment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Streissguth, A. P. (1997). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A Guide for Families and Communities. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. Background What each of these papers described was a common set of features that could occur in the offspring of mothers who drank heavily during their pregnancies. This constellation of features was named the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in 1973 by Jones and colleagues. In order to be diagnosed as having FAS, the individual MUST meet all three criteria. There is a specific pattern of facial anomalies, which will be shown shortly. There is pre and or postnatal growth deficiency. Usually the children are born small (7drinks/week 5 or more drinks per occasion). The data on the left side of the slide come from Louise Floyd of the CDC. The first four studies were sponsored by the CDC and the other two estimates on the left side come from the IOM report (Stratton, 1996). AI/AN stands for American Indian/Alaska Native. The numbers on the right side are from a recent study by Sampson et al. , (1997). They demonstrated rates of FAS of at least 2. 8/1000 live births in Seattle, 4. 6/1000 in Cleveland, and between 1. 3 and 4. 8/1000 in Roubaix, France. Interestingly, in this study they estimate the prevalence in Seattle for FAS and ARND at 9. 1/1000 births. This would mean that nearly 1 in every 100 children is affected by prenatal alcohol exposure. The last number from South Africa is from recent work done by Phil May and colleagues. References Egeland G, Perham-Hester KA, Gessner BD, Ingle D, Berner JE,Middaugh JP. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in Alaska, 1977 through 1992: An administrative prevalence derived from multiple data sources. American Journal of Public Health. 1998. 88(5): 781-786. Aberdeen IHS Area (1995) MMWR. vol 44(#):253-261. BDMP (1995): MMWR Vol. 44(13):249-253. Atlanta, Ga. (1997) MMWR Vol. 46(47): 1118-1120. Sampson, P. D. , Streissguth, A. P. , Bookstein, F. L. , Little, R. E. , Clarren, S. K. , Dehaene, P. , Hanson, J. W. , Graham, J. M. , Jr. (1997). Incidence of fetal alcohol syndrome and prevalence of alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder. Teratology, 56(5), 317-326. Stratton, K. , Howe, C. , Battaglia, F. (1996). Fetal alcohol syndrome: Diagnosis, epidemiology, prevention, and treatment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Institute of Medicine: 1996 Clinic-based (page 89), American Indian/Alaskan Native (page 88) May, P. , Viljoen, D. , Gossage, J. , Brooke, L. , Croxford, J. (1999). An epidemiological analysis of data from children with fetal alcohol syndrome and controls in Wellington, South Africa. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 23 (5), 110A. May, P. , Viljoen, D. , Gossage, J. , Brooke, L. , Croxford, J (1999). An update on the maternal risk factors associated with the prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome in Wellington, South Africa. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 23 (5), 91A Background It must be stressed that the facial characteristics basically define FAS. Without these facial features, one cannot be diagnosed with FAS. In particular, the discriminating features are short palpebral fissures (the length of the eye opening), a flat midface, an indistinct or flat philtrum (the ridge under the nose), and a thin upper vermilion (lip). While each of these can occur in a variety of disorders, the combination of these features appears to be consistent with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Children with FAS can also have other facial features, such as epicanthal folds (tiny folds of tissues along the eye opening), a low nasal bridge, an underdeveloped jaw and minor ear anomalies. These individuals can also have a variety of associated features. Heart defects, skeletal anomalies, altered palmar creases (those creases on your hands), and urogenital anomalies are among the anomalies found more frequently in FAS. Reference Streissguth, A. P. (1994). A long-term perspective of FAS , Alcohol Health Research World (Vol. 18, pp. 74-81). image Facies in fetal alcohol syndrome Background The brain on the left was obtained from a 5-day-old child with FAS while the brain on the right is a control. The effects are obvious. The brain on the left suffers from microencephaly (small brain) and migration anomalies (neural and glia cells did not migrate to their proper location in the brain, but instead many of them simply migrated to the top of the cortex). Although it cannot be seen here, there is also agenesis of the corpus callosum and the ventricles are dilated. The corpus callosum is the major fiber tract connecting the two hemispheres of the brain (more on this later). Major findings of other autopsies of children with FAS have found microcephaly, hydrocephaly, cerebral dysgenesis, neuroglial heterotopias, corpus callosum anomalies, ventricle anomalies, and cerebellar anomalies. It must be pointed out, however, that these autopsies have typically been conducted only on the most severe cases, since these children often have enough problems that they do not survive. The interested reader on the pathological changes that occur in FAS is referred to the following articles. References Clarren, S. K. (1986). Neuropathology in fetal alcohol syndrome. In J. R. West (Ed. ), Alcohol and Brain Development (pp. 158-166). New York: Oxford University Press. Roebuck, T. M. , Mattson, S. N. , and Riley, E. P. (1998). A review of the neuroanatomical findings in children with fetal alcohol syndrome or prenatal exposure to alcohol. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 22 (2),339-344. Image brain damage resulting from prenatal alcohol Background The image on the left is a normal midsaggital MRI scan of the human brain with the cerebrum and cerebellum pointed out. The data on the right show the reduction in size of the these two areas in children with FAS and PEA. PEA stands for Prenatal Exposure to Alcohol, and includes children with known histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure, but who lack the features necessary for a diagnosis of FAS. As can be seen, the extent of reduction in the volume of both the cerebrum and cerebellum is significant. While the PEA group shows a reduction in volume, with these sample sizes, this is not a significant difference. Other brain imaging studies indicate disproportionate size reductions in the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and corpus callosum. The data are presented as percent of normal matched controls. References Mattson, S. N. , Jernigan, T. L. , Riley, E. P. (1994a). MRI and prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcohol Health Research World, 18(1), 49-52. Archibald, S. L. , Fennema-Notestine, C. , Gamst, A. , Riley, E. P. , Mattson, S. N. , and Jernigan, T. L. (submitted, 2000). Brain dysmorphology in individuals with severe prenatal alcohol exposure. image change in brain size Background One anomaly that has been seen in FAS is agenesis of the corpus callosum. While not common, it occurs in FAS cases (~6%) more frequently than in the general population (0. 1%) or in the developmentally disabled population (2-3%). In fact it has been suggested that FAS may be the most common cause of agenesis of the corpus callosum. In the top left picture, is a control brain. The other images are from children with FAS. In the top middle the corpus callosum is present, but it is very thin at the posterior section of the brain. In the upper right the corpus callosum is essentially missing. The bottom two pictures are from a 9 year old girl with FAS. She has agenesis of the corpus callosum and the large dark area in the back of her brain above the cerebellum is a condition known as coprocephaly. It is essentially empty space. Most children with FAS do have a corpus callosum, although it may be reduced in size. The reduction in size occurs primarily in the front and rear portions (genu and splenium). One interesting item is that this same pattern of reduction in the genu and splenium has been found in ADHD children. The behavioral problems seen in FAS frequently are similar to those seen in ADHD. References Mattson, S. N. , Jernigan, T. L. , Riley, E. P. (1994a). MRI and prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcohol Health Research World, 18(1), 49-52. Mattson, S. N. , Riley, E. P. (1995). Prenatal exposure to alcohol: What the images reveal. Alcohol Health Research World, 19(4), 273-277. Riley, E. P. , Mattson, S. N. , Sowell, E. R. , Jernigan, T. L. , Sobel, D. F. , Jones, K. L. (1995). Abnormalities of the corpus callosum in children prenatally exposed to alcohol. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 19(5), 1198-1202. Background There have been over a dozen retrospective studies of children with FAS (total N = 269). Overall, these studies, such as the Seattle studies or studies out of Germany, reported an overall mean IQ of 72. 26 (range of means = 47. 4-98. 2). The data presented here were collected in San Diego, CA as part of a project at the Center for Behavioral Teratology. The mean IQ performances of children with FAS were compared to alcohol-exposed children with few if any features of FAS. All children in this study were exposed prenatally to high amounts of alcohol, however only the FAS group displayed the craniofacial anomalies and growth deficits associated with the diagnosis. The other group was designated as having prenatal exposure to alcohol (PEA) and had documented exposure to high levels of alcohol but were not dysmorphic, microcephalic, or growth-retarded. In comparison to normal controls, both groups of alcohol-exposed children displayed significant deficits in overall IQ measures as well as deficits on most of the subtest scores. While the PEA subjects usually obtained marginally higher IQ scores than those with FAS, few significant differences were found between the two alcohol-exposed groups. These results indicate that high levels of prenatal alcohol exposure are related to an increased risk for deficits in intellectual functioning and that these deficits can occur in children without all of the physical features required for a diagnosis of FAS. Our PEA subjects may be somewhat similar to individuals identified by other groups as having FAE, however individuals with PEA display few if any of the facial features of FAS, and are not growth retarded or microcephalic. References Streissguth AP, Aase JM, Clarren SK, Randels SP, LaDue RA, Smith DF (1991). Fetal alcohol syndrome in adolescents and adults. Journal of the American Medical Association 265:1961-1967. Mattson, S. N. , Riley, E. P. , Gramling, L. , Delis, D. C. , and Jones, K. L. (1997). Heavy prenatal alcohol exposure with or without physical features of fetal alcohol syndrome leads to IQ deficits. Journal of Pediatrics, 131 (5), 718-721. Mattson, S. N. and Riley, E. P. (1998). A review of the neurobehavioral deficits in children with fetal alcohol syndrome or prenatal exposure to alcohol. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 22 (2), 279-294. image general intellectual performance Background. This was a study of a broad range of neuropsychological tests, such as: The Wide Range Achievement Test- which assesses academic skills, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and the Boston Naming test-both assessment of basic language functioning, the California Verbal Learning Test-a list learning and memory test, the Visual-Motor Integration Test which measures basic visual-perceptual skills, the Grooved Pegboard test-a test of fine-motor speed and coordination, and the Childrens Category Test-a measure of nonverbal learning. Along the x-axis are the tests included in the battery; for comparison purposes, all scores were converted to standard scores with a mean of 100 and an SD of 15. Children with FAS or PEA showed deficits in comparison to controls and they were very similar to each other. There does seem to be some indication that the nonverbal measures (on the right of the slide) are not as impaired as the verbal and academic measures, which are on the left and center of the slide. The take home message is that children with FAS and those exposed to high amounts of alcohol, but without the characteristics required for a diagnosis of FAS, are similarly impaired. The FAS children tend to be a bit worse than the PEA children, but the pattern of behavioral deificits is fairly similar over a wide range of tests. References Mattson, S. N. , Riley, E. P. , Gramling, L. , Delis, D. C. , Jones, K. L. (1998). Neuropsychological comparison of alcohol-exposed children with or without physical features of fetal alcohol syndrome. Neuropsychology, 12(1), 146-153. image neuropsychological performanceBackground In addition to the abilities already discussed, a few studies have documented other specific neuropsychological deficits in individuals with FAS. Children with prenatal alcohol exposure, with and without FAS, have demonstrated various deficits on measures of executive functioning. These measures have revealed problems in areas such as planning (tower task-shown above), cognitive flexibility (trails test), inhibition (stroop test), and concept formation and reasoning (word context tests). Generally, performance on these measures is characterized by increased errors and more difficulty adhering to rules. Therefore, children are less successful overall. For example, on the tower measure shown above (Tower of California-similar to Tower of London), children with FAS and PEA passed fewer items overall and made more rule violations than controls. The only two rules were to never place a larger piece on top of a smaller one and to move only one piece at a time. As can be seen the alcohol exposed children had many more rule violations. In addition, deficits have been found on the WCST (Wisconsin Card Sort Test), a nonverbal measure of problem solving. The WCST test requires both problem solving and cognitive flexibility and has been proposed to be sensitive to frontal system dysfunction. This test is a gold standard in the measure of executive functioning in neuropsychology. Children with prenatal exposure to alcohol made more errors and had more difficulty with the conceptual nature of the task than controls. New data indicate that they have trouble identifying and defining concepts. Finally, tests of planning ability are also thought to be sensitive to frontal systems dysfunction although few such studies have been done in individuals with FAS. On the Progressive Planning Test which is similar to the Tower of London test children with FAS/FAE had difficulty with planning ahead and tended to perseverate on incorrect strategies. So far the results could be summarized as: 1) Heavy prenatal alcohol exposure is associated with a wide range of neurobehavioral deficits including visuospatial functioning, verbal and nonverbal learning, and executive functioning 2) Heavy prenatal alcohol exposure causes microcephaly and disproportionate reductions in the corpus callosum, basal ganglia, and cerebellum 3) Children with and without physical features of the fetal alcohol syndrome display qualitatively similar deficits References Carmichael O. H. , Feldman JJ, Streissguth AP, Gonzalez RD: Neuropsychological deficits and life adjustment in adolescents and adults with fetal alcohol syndrome. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 16:380, 1992 Kodituwakku PW, Handmaker NS, Cutler SK, Weathersby EK, Handmaker SD: Specific impairments in self-regulation in children exposed to alcohol prenatally. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 19:1558-1564, 1995 Mattson, S. N. , Goodman, A. M. , Caine, C. , Delis, D. C. , Riley, E. P. (1999). Executive functioning in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 23(11), 1808-1815. Background Secondary disabilities are those disabilities that the individual is not born with, and hopefully with appropriate intervention could be ameliorated. This slide illustrates the extent of these secondary disabilities as a function of age. These are individuals with FAS and FAE. As can be seen over 90% of these individuals have mental health problems and about 50% of those over the age of 12 have disrupted school experiences, trouble with the law, which is frequently severe enough to require confinement. They also engage in relatively high rates of inappropriate sexual behavior and a significant number have alcohol and drug abuse problems. Interestingly, the factors that are protective against these secondary disabilities are: Being raised in a stable, nurturant home, diagnosis before the age of 6, no sexual or physical abuse, not changing households every few years, not living in a poor quality home, and receiving Developmental Disabilities services. References Streissguth, A. P. , Barr, H. M. , Kogan, J. , Bookstein, F. L. (1996). Final Report: Understanding the occurrence of secondary disabilities in clients with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetal alcohol effects (FAE). Seattle, WA: University of Washington Publication Services. Image secondary disabilities Background. Much of what we know about FAS and the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure is the result of work on animal models. After FAS was identified it became important to demonstrate that the effects were indeed the result of alcohol exposure and not due to factors such as other drugs, maternal conditions, or nutritional variables. The development of appropriate animal models was very important in this regard. Models were developed for assessing physical features of FAS as well as the behavioral, neuroanatomical, and neurochemical profiles of prenatal alcohol exposure. The ideal test animal would absorb, metabolize and eliminate alcohol similar to human, transport alcohol and metabolites across. Uhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17434182056665503402noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1214006211007467969.post-11461360028254333632019-11-15T02:01:00.001-08:002019-11-15T02:01:03.218-08:00The EPA and Anti-tobacco Zealots Essay -- Smoking cigarettes TobaccoThe EPA and Anti-tobacco Zealots Tobacco smoking has been one of the hot controversies of our time. Many people find tobacco smoke annoying, smelly and just plain dirty and unpleasant. Some smokers themselves agree with that sentiment. Today's smoking restrictions, not to mention the attack on smokers and extortion of tobacco companies, could not have been engineered simply on the grounds that tobacco smoke is unpleasant. We needed another reason. So the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) literally manufactured, using bogus science, the finding that second-hand smoke is a class A carcinogen causing death and illness for tens of thousands of people who are simply around tobacco smoke. The major news media, along with anti-tobacco zealots, convinced us of the wisdom of the EPA report. They downplayed or ignored findings showing EPA science to be bogus and outright fraud. (1) The EPA and anti-tobacco zealots "proved" that tobacco smokers harmed other people. Stopping and preventing harm to others, especially to the nation's children, is something most Americans can wholeheartedly support. Thus, all manner of smoking regulations descended upon the nation from bans on smoking on airplanes, in airports and restaurants to bars, workplaces and even outdoor open air stadiums. Let's pretend that the EPA's bogus science about the harmful effects of secondhand smoke is legitimate and examine this business about harming others. The first thing we should acknowledge is that we live in a world of harms. The secondhand smoke from my cigarette might harm you. However, your being able to prevent me from smoking harms me; I have less enjoyment. We cannot say which person's harm is more important and should take precedence. The reason why is t... .... District Court Judge William L. Osteen found reason to nullify the EPA's 1992 report that claimed second-hand smoke to be a class A human carcinogen and cause of lung cancer. He found that the EPA knowingly, willfully and aggressively put out false and misleading information. 2. Michael Jacobson, director of the Center for Science in the Public Interest, says about large food servings, "It's high time the [restaurant] industry begins to bear some responsibility for its contribution to obesity, heart disease and cancer." Dr. Ronald Griffiths, at Johns Hopkins University, concerned about coffee addiction says, "If health risks are well-documented, caffeine could be catapulted in public perception from a pleasant habit to a possibly harmful drug of abuse." Along with Michael Jacobson, he wants the FDA to regulate caffeine content in soda, coffee, tea and chocolate. Uhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17434182056665503402noreply@blogger.com0